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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteFor a normal internet-facing Ubuntu LAMP server, make Apache reachable on TCP 80 and 443, restrict SSH to trusted administrative networks on its actual configured port, and keep MySQL on localhost or a private subnet. Every other listener should have a documented purpose.
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Start with the minimum reachable surface
A LAMP server combines Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP, but those components do not all need to accept connections from the internet. A process can be running without being reachable externally, and a firewall rule can exist for a port where no process is listening. Treat those as two separate checks: decide who should be able to connect, then verify that the intended service is actually bound to the right address.
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Canonical’s Ubuntu security guidance describes an unnecessarily open port as one exposed to an untrusted network without a need, or one belonging to an unused service. Its practical advice is to limit traffic with a firewall and close listeners that the design does not require. A new Ubuntu installation should have no listening network services by default, apart from deliberate exceptions such as Apache HTTP Server and OpenSSH.
Port decisions for a typical LAMP host
| Service | Typical port | When it is public | Recommended scope |
|---|---|---|---|
| HTTP / Apache | TCP 80 | When the site serves HTTP or redirects visitors to HTTPS | Public, if the web design needs it; otherwise close it |
| HTTPS / Apache TLS | TCP 443 | When the website serves encrypted HTTPS traffic | Public for a secure internet-facing website |
| SSH / OpenSSH | TCP 22 by default, or the port configured in sshd_config |
For administration only | Trusted IP addresses, a VPN, bastion host or management subnet |
| MySQL | TCP 3306 | Normally never on the public internet | Loopback for a single-host application, or only the required private application hosts |
These are conventions, not proof that a service is installed. Apache may be configured on another port, OpenSSH may have been moved from 22, and MySQL may be disabled from TCP networking altogether. The configured listener and the network policy must agree.
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TCP 80: HTTP for delivery or redirecting
Open TCP 80 publicly when Apache is meant to answer ordinary HTTP requests. Many sites retain it solely to redirect an http:// request to the HTTPS virtual host. That redirect still requires port 80 to be reachable; closing it means clients cannot receive the redirect and must already know the HTTPS URL.
If the server is intended to serve only an internal application, a private load balancer, or HTTPS on a different edge device, there may be no reason to expose 80 on the Ubuntu host. In that case, omit the public rule and ensure the upstream design does not depend on direct HTTP access.
TCP 443: HTTPS for the public website
TCP 443 is the normal public entry point for Apache TLS. Use HTTPS for credentials, sessions, forms and other data in transit. The certificate and TLS configuration live in Apache; the firewall only controls whether connections can reach that service.
A common production arrangement exposes both 80 and 443: port 80 performs a controlled redirect, while 443 serves the site. If an upstream reverse proxy terminates TLS, the Ubuntu host might receive traffic from that proxy on a private interface rather than directly from the internet. In that architecture, permit only the proxy’s network on the backend listener instead of making every backend port public.
SSH: administration, not application traffic
OpenSSH is for maintenance: shell access, file transfer and operational tooling. It is not required for visitors to load PHP pages. Port 22 is the default example used in Ubuntu documentation, but the correct rule is the port on which your sshd process is actually configured.
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Restrict the source network whenever possible. A VPN, bastion host or management subnet is preferable to allowing the entire internet. If a fixed administrative address or range is available, express that source restriction in UFW rather than creating a worldwide allow rule.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemssudo ufw allow proto tcp from <trusted-network> to any port 22Replace both the source and destination port when your deployment uses a different SSH port. Before changing SSH policy, keep an existing session open or arrange console access so a typo cannot lock out administrators. Authentication hardening, keys and intrusion monitoring complement a narrow firewall rule; they do not make an unnecessary public listener necessary.
MySQL 3306: keep the database private
In a single-host LAMP deployment, Apache/PHP and MySQL run on the same machine. The application can connect through a local socket or loopback address, so the database does not need a public TCP 3306 rule. Bind MySQL to localhost when no other host must connect, and allow the firewall to deny unsolicited external traffic.
A multi-host design changes the scope, not the security principle. If the PHP application is on an application server and MySQL is on a separate database host, permit 3306 only from the application host or private subnet that needs it. Do not use a broad public allow rule as a shortcut. Where database traffic crosses a network, evaluate encrypted MySQL connections as well as firewall restrictions.
Check MySQL’s bind-address and any host-based account grants together. A firewall rule cannot safely compensate for a database process listening on every interface with permissive credentials, and a loopback bind cannot serve a remote application even if UFW allows the port.
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Configure UFW without locking yourself out
Ubuntu identifies Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) as its default firewall configuration tool. Apply rules that match the architecture, then inspect the resulting policy.
- Confirm the administrative path. Determine the SSH port in use and identify the trusted address, VPN or management subnet that should reach it.
- Allow restricted SSH first. Use the source-limited form shown above, substituting the actual port. If the service is intentionally reachable from a wider management network, document that decision.
- Allow web traffic required by the site. Permit TCP 80 when HTTP service or redirects are needed, and TCP 443 when Apache serves HTTPS. Ubuntu also supports application profiles; inspect available profiles with
sudo ufw app listand details withsudo ufw app info <profile>. - Keep MySQL closed publicly. Do not add a 3306 allow rule for a single-host LAMP stack. For a private multi-host design, create a source-restricted rule that names only the application network.
- Review before enabling or changing policy. Display the active rules and defaults with
sudo ufw status verbose. To preview an HTTP rule without changing the firewall, usesudo ufw --dry-run allow http.
Ubuntu’s firewall guide gives sudo ufw allow 22 as the basic SSH example. That command allows the port from any source, so a production server should use the narrower source form whenever the administrative network is known. Use the actual SSH port rather than assuming 22.
Verify what is really listening
Firewall intent is only half the check. List listening sockets and their owning processes with:
sudo ss -utlnpThe output shows protocol, local address, port and process information. Compare every listener with the service design:
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Use the process name in the ss output to find the configuration responsible for an unexpected listener. Stop an unused service or rebind a required service to loopback or a private interface, then verify again. Do not infer exposure from package installation alone: a package can be installed with no active listener, and a custom application can listen on an unexpected port.
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Check both firewall paths and bind addresses
IPv4 and IPv6 are separate paths. A rule that appears correct for IPv4 does not prove that an IPv6 listener is protected. Review UFW’s verbose status and the local addresses reported by ss; test from the relevant network family when your provider supplies both.
Likewise, “closed” can mean different things. A service may be stopped, blocked by UFW, bound only to loopback, or reachable only through a private route. Record which condition is intentional so an incident responder can distinguish a design choice from a failed service.
Practical deployment patterns
One public Ubuntu host
Expose 80 and 443 to the internet if Apache handles HTTP and HTTPS. Limit SSH to the administration network. Keep MySQL on localhost. This is the usual small-site LAMP arrangement and has the fewest network dependencies.
HTTPS-only site behind a redirect elsewhere
If another edge service owns the HTTP redirect and TLS termination, the Ubuntu host may need neither public 80 nor public 443. Allow only the edge service’s private connection to the backend port, and verify that Apache is not accidentally listening on a public interface.
Separate application and database hosts
The web or application host needs its user-facing ports, while the database host needs 3306 only from the application host or private subnet. SSH remains an administrative path on each machine and should be restricted independently.
Private staging server
A staging site may expose Apache only to a VPN or internal network rather than the internet. The same least-exposure rules apply: allow the source networks that need access and leave database and unused service ports closed.
Common mistakes and recovery steps
Opening 3306 “temporarily”
A temporary public database rule often remains after troubleshooting. Remove it when remote access is no longer required, restore a private bind address, and verify with ss and UFW status. If remote administration is occasional, use a VPN or controlled tunnel instead of a standing internet-wide rule.
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Allowing SSH before confirming the port
If SSH was moved from 22, an allow rule for 22 does not protect or permit the real service. Read the active sshd configuration, add the correct restricted rule, test a second session, and only then remove an obsolete rule.
Assuming a firewall rule creates a service
sudo ufw allow 443 does not make Apache serve HTTPS. Confirm that Apache has a TLS virtual host, a certificate and a listening socket. Conversely, seeing a listener does not mean the port is reachable externally; its bind address and firewall policy decide that.
Forgetting the HTTP redirect dependency
Closing 80 on a site that expects automatic HTTP-to-HTTPS redirects causes those requests to fail rather than redirect. Either keep 80 for the redirect or communicate an HTTPS-only URL and verify client behavior.
Relying on a nonstandard port as security
Changing SSH from 22 can reduce noise but does not replace source restrictions, strong authentication and updates. Treat the configured port as an implementation detail and apply the same administrative-only policy.
A repeatable audit checklist
- List listeners with
sudo ss -utlnp. - Identify the process, local address and protocol for every listener.
- Confirm public 80 and 443 are present only when the web architecture requires them.
- Find the actual SSH port and restrict its source network.
- Verify MySQL is loopback-bound or limited to the required private hosts.
- Review IPv4 and IPv6 listeners separately.
- Inspect UFW with
sudo ufw status verboseand review application profiles when used. - Remove rules for retired services and investigate any listener without a documented owner.
The governing rule is simple: expose the smallest set of ports that supports the architecture, to the smallest set of networks that needs them. Canonical’s guidance captures the reason: “Therefore, it’s good practice to limit the network traffic that can reach open ports (for example, by using a firewall) and to close any unnecessarily open ports.”
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