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What Should an Agent Input Preflight Check Before Execution?

An agent’s preflight should validate every input source and proposed tool call, enforce actor permissions, require exact approval for high-impact actions, and block execution when a required check fails.
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Before an AI agent executes a tool call, its preflight should validate every input’s source, format, size, and safety; check the proposed action and all parameters; verify the requesting actor’s authorization; and require exact approval for high-impact actions. If a required control cannot be verified, the agent should not execute.

What belongs in an agent’s preflight?

A preflight is the set of checks between receiving information and letting an agent act on it. It must cover both incoming content and the action the agent proposes to take. A valid model response is not, by itself, proof that an action is safe or authorized.

Inputs include more than a user’s message. Files, retrieved documents and web pages, emails, tool and MCP responses, memory, API parameters, and messages from other agents can all influence behavior. Treat externally supplied content and previously generated content as untrusted, including when it arrives through a trusted-looking tool.

Run the checks in execution order

  1. Inventory input surfaces

    Identify every channel that can provide content to the agent: user and API input, uploads, retrieval, email, tools, memory, and peer agents. This inventory helps prevent an indirect input—such as a retrieved page or tool response—from bypassing checks applied only to the user’s message. OWASP’s Secure Agent Playbook recommends mapping input surfaces as part of prompt-injection testing.

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  2. Normalize and constrain the data

    Check types, schemas, permitted formats and patterns, length or size limits, and relevant encoding. Reject malformed or oversized input rather than silently truncating it, since truncation can change meaning or remove context needed for a safe decision. If the system accepts images or other non-text input, consider hidden instructions in those modalities as well. OWASP’s AISVS input-validation controls cover normalization, length limits, instruction hierarchy, and hidden-content checks.

  3. Keep instructions distinct from data

    Preserve the system’s instruction hierarchy and clearly mark untrusted content as data, not as instructions to follow. Screen for prompt injection, but do not make a detector or a model’s own judgment the only defense. Deterministic policy checks and execution-boundary controls should still decide whether an action may run.

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  4. Validate the exact proposed tool call

    Before dispatch, validate the tool name, operation, target resource, and every argument against a strict schema and allowlist. Check that the call fits the task, and that retrieved content or a tool result has not redirected the agent to a different action or destination. OWASP’s Cornucopia AAI8 addresses validation at the tool boundary, alongside sandboxing, least privilege, and logging.

  5. Check identity and authorization independently

    Verify that the requesting actor may use the specific tool for the requested operation on the specific target. Enforce that decision in the execution path, not just in the prompt or model output, and grant the agent only the capabilities needed for its task. A confidence score or classification label is not authorization. As the OWASP AI Agent Security Cheat Sheet puts it: “This classification does not grant permission to run a tool; the execution component must still check the actor’s authorization and any required approval for the exact action.”

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  6. Require specific approval for high-impact actions

    Destructive, financial, administrative, or externally visible actions need additional safeguards. Bind approval to the actor, tool, target, normalized parameters, timestamp, and expiry so that approval for one action cannot be reused for a materially different one. Use short-lived authorization and replay protection where appropriate. If required authorization, approval, policy lookup, or audit logging is unavailable, fail closed: do not execute.

  7. Constrain execution and keep an audit trail

    Run tools with isolation and least privilege. Limit access to filesystems, networks, and credentials, and record the exact invocation and its outcome. Set bounds on retries, token or cost consumption, and tool-chain depth to contain runaway activity. These controls limit harm even if an earlier check misses something.

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  8. Test the gate and repeat after changes

    Test realistic cases including prompt overrides, malicious retrieved content, unauthorized tools, privilege escalation, data exfiltration, memory poisoning, approval bypass, and recursive tool abuse. Run these tests before production and again after material changes to prompts, tools, memory, retrieval, policies, or model providers. OWASP’s prompt-injection testing guidance supports mapping surfaces and testing them systematically.

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How to choose and review preflight controls

There is no single vendor or implementation prescribed by the cited OWASP guidance. Evaluate a design against the controls it actually enforces, not simply whether it labels itself an input filter.

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  • Coverage: Does it check direct inputs and indirect sources such as retrieval, tools, memory, and peer-agent messages?
  • Enforcement: Are schemas, permissions, approvals, and execution rules checked deterministically, or is safety left to model-only detection?
  • Validation: Are types, formats, encoding, and length limits handled at system and tool boundaries?
  • Permission scope: Is access limited to the minimum tools, operations, and targets needed?
  • Approval integrity: Is approval tied to the exact normalized action and bounded by expiry?
  • Containment and evidence: Are tools isolated, access constrained, and invocations and outcomes logged?
  • Usability: What is the impact of false positives on legitimate inputs, and can the policy be tuned without weakening execution controls?

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