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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteTreat a nonzero exit code from required work as a failure: capture it, preserve it through wrappers and pipelines, and let the workflow report failure even if diagnostics or cleanup succeed afterward. Handle a nonzero result differently only when it is an expected branch—such as an optional search finding no match—and make that expectation explicit in the code.
What a nonzero exit code means
An exit status is the value a process returns to its caller. In GNU Bash, zero means success and nonzero means failure for the shell’s purposes; a program may also use particular nonzero values to describe specific outcomes. That makes a nonzero status a signal to interpret, not a reason to assume that every program uses the same detailed code scheme. See the GNU Bash manual’s exit-status reference.
Bash documents several common shell-level values: 127 means a command was not found, 126 means it was found but could not be executed, and a fatal signal numbered N is represented as 128 + N. These conventions help diagnose shell failures, but they do not define what every application-specific nonzero value means.
First decide whether the failure is expected
Before changing a workflow to tolerate a nonzero status, decide whether that outcome is a valid branch or failed required work. An optional search that finds no matches may be a normal outcome; a failed test, build, or required agent edit generally is not. Use the command’s documented status semantics to make that distinction, and state the expected outcome in the condition that handles it.
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- Expected outcome: Branch deliberately on the status and continue only along the intended path.
- Unexpected failure: Preserve the nonzero result so the wrapper, agent controller, or CI runner can report the required work as failed.
- Unclear meaning: Consult the command’s documentation instead of treating all nonzero codes as interchangeable.
Capture status where it is produced
In a shell script, $? contains the status of the most recently executed command. Read it immediately if you need it; an intervening command replaces it. Prefer an explicit conditional when success or failure determines what the script should do:
if command_that_may_fail; then
echo "Command succeeded"
else
status=$?
echo "Command failed with status $status" >&2
exit "$status"
fiThis example logs the failure and returns the captured status. If failure is an expected branch, replace the final exit with the specific, documented handling that makes the outcome safe to continue from. Do not run a successful logging or reporting command and then accidentally let its status stand in for the required command’s result.
Keep pipeline failures visible
By default, Bash reports a pipeline’s status as the status of its last command. That can hide an earlier failure: in producer | formatter, the producer may fail while the formatter exits successfully. With Bash’s pipefail option enabled, the pipeline returns the rightmost nonzero status, or zero if every command succeeds. The Bash pipeline documentation describes this behavior.
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Enable pipefail when a failure in any pipeline component should fail the operation:
set -o pipefail
producer | formatterpipefail preserves a failing pipeline status, but it does not provide a list of every component’s status. If the workflow needs to identify which process failed, capture component statuses separately using a method appropriate to the shell and pipeline design.
Use set -e as a guardrail, not a status policy
Bash’s -e (also called errexit) does not exit after every nonzero command. Its documented exceptions include commands used as tests in if, while, and until; most commands in && and || lists; non-final pipeline elements when pipefail is not enabled; and commands whose status is inverted with !. The Bash manual’s set reference explains the contexts.
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Use set -e as a useful fail-fast guardrail where it fits, but explicitly check commands whose outcomes matter or are intentionally used as control flow. It is not a substitute for deciding which failures are expected and how required failures reach the workflow’s caller.
Preserve failures through cleanup and diagnostics
Diagnostics and cleanup can be valuable after required work fails, but they should not convert that failure into an overall success. Keep the original status available while collecting logs, storing artifacts, or cleaning up, and make the wrapper return a failure when the required operation failed. Avoid blind retries: first distinguish a transient condition from a deterministic error using the command’s documented semantics, since repeating a command can repeat side effects.
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For useful agent execution traces, record the command, working directory, relevant environment, standard output and error, and exit status together. This is practical implementation guidance for diagnosing failures, not a universal logging schema imposed by Bash or CI.
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GitHub Actions: account for its shell and step rules
Exit handling also depends on the runner contract. GitHub Actions documents that each run keyword starts a new process and shell in the runner environment. On non-Windows runners, an unspecified shell invokes bash -e with fallback behavior; explicitly selecting bash invokes bash --noprofile --norc -eo pipefail. Those are GitHub Actions behaviors, not defaults that should be assumed for every agent runner or shell. Check the GitHub Actions workflow syntax documentation for the shell configuration used by your workflow.
GitHub maps exit code 0 to a successful action and nonzero to failure. Its documentation says a failed action cancels concurrent actions and skips future dependent actions. A wrapper that hides the status of failed required work can therefore change not only a log message but also the workflow’s control flow. See GitHub’s action exit-code guidance.
Run diagnostics only after failure
GitHub Actions applies an implicit success() status check to ordinary step conditions. To run a diagnostic step after an earlier step fails, use a failure-aware condition such as:
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if: ${{ failure() }}GitHub documents that a status-check function is needed to override the default success check. See the status-check functions reference.
Mark JavaScript actions as failed
In a JavaScript action, core.setFailed(message) logs an error and sets the action’s failure status. GitHub documents it as a shortcut for logging an error and exiting with status 1. See GitHub’s workflow-command documentation.
A quick review before accepting a workflow result
- Is the nonzero code a documented, expected branch—or did required work fail?
- Does the status belong to a process, script, pipeline, step, or complete agent run?
- Can a later successful command mask the failure before the caller sees it?
- Should the workflow stop, retry under a defined transient-error policy, or continue only for diagnostics or cleanup?
- Which shell, operating system, runner, and action type define the status behavior?
The shell and CI details above are specific to GNU Bash and GitHub Actions. For another shell, CI service, container runtime, command runner, or agent framework, consult its official documentation rather than assuming the same defaults or propagation rules.
Quick Recap
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Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors
