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Data centers face security risks during construction because the facility, its protections, and its equipment are all in transition. Site design and building work shape future security; workers and visitors need controlled access before permanent systems are fully operational; and critical equipment passes through procurement, shipping, storage, installation, and commissioning. Published standards and guidance map these exposures, but do not establish how often attacks occur or rank the threats by likelihood.
Why construction creates a distinct security exposure
A completed facility can rely on established access procedures, monitoring, and operational controls. During construction, those arrangements may still be under design or commissioning, while multiple organizations need access to the site and equipment. Security therefore has to be planned across both the physical build and the lifecycle of the systems being installed.
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The risk is not limited to someone entering a building. It can include poor siting or construction choices, unauthorized access, theft or tampering with equipment, and compromise introduced during manufacturing, delivery, or integration. The cited standards and NIST publications describe risk categories and control considerations; they do not document a particular construction-site attack or quantify its frequency.
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Start with site selection and building design
Security decisions begin before equipment arrives. ISO/IEC 22237-2:2024 addresses construction of buildings and other structures that accommodate data centers. Its scope includes site selection, environmental risks, site and building configuration, access, intrusion protection, fire protection, water-damage protection, and construction quality measures. These choices affect the protection objectives the finished facility can meet.
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- Site and surroundings: Assess environmental exposure and nearby conditions that could affect the facility or its availability.
- Building configuration and access: Consider how the layout, entrances, and routes through the site support or complicate controlled access.
- Intrusion protection: Plan how the building and its boundaries will deter and detect unauthorized entry.
- Fire, water, and construction quality: Treat these as protection and availability concerns in the design and build, not as issues to defer until operations begin.
ISO describes Part 2 as setting requirements and recommendations for construction of structures accommodating data centers, based on physical-security criteria within ISO/IEC 22237-1 in support of availability. The official preview is at ISO/IEC 22237-2:2024.
Design security systems for the spaces and risks they must protect
Building construction and security systems are related, but treated separately in the ISO/IEC 22237 framework. Part 2 covers constructional requirements; ISO/IEC 22237-6:2024 covers physical security systems and protection from unauthorized access and intrusion. Its scope is based on availability, security, and energy-efficiency-enablement criteria in ISO/IEC 22237-1.
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For a project, the design should account for the spaces being protected, the defined protection level, and the effect of relevant internal or external environmental events. Organizational measures and technology need to work together: a camera or reader alone does not establish who should enter, how an alarm is handled, or what happens when a system is unavailable. See the official ISO/IEC 22237-6:2024 page.
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Control people, credentials, and site monitoring
Construction sites may serve workers, subcontractors, suppliers, and visitors with different access needs. A practical process is to approve access, issue credentials tied to that approval, monitor entry and exit, review access records, and remove access when it is no longer needed. Visitors should be escorted and their access controlled. NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 3 describes these controls in the specific context of protecting Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI); it is guidance to apply according to a project’s requirements, not a universal construction regulation.
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- Approve access: Keep an authorized list that reflects who needs entry and which areas they may use.
- Issue and manage credentials: Provide credentials for approved access, review them as needs change, and revoke them promptly when access is no longer required.
- Control entry and exit: Use procedures that account for people entering and leaving the site, rather than relying only on a physical barrier.
- Escort visitors: Define who is responsible for visitors and where they may go.
- Keep and review logs: Record access activity and assign responsibility for reviewing it and responding to irregularities.
NIST gives guards, video-surveillance equipment, and sensor devices as monitoring examples; it does not prescribe one device or system architecture. Choose measures based on the areas requiring coverage, blind spots, power and network dependencies, privacy and jurisdictional constraints, and whether the project can act on an alert. The controls and examples appear in NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 3.
Protect equipment from procurement through commissioning
Equipment can be exposed before it is installed and operating. NIST supply-chain guidance identifies threats including unauthorized production, counterfeit items, tampering, theft, poor manufacturing or development practices, and insertion of malicious code or hardware. The relevant lifecycle can include acquisition, delivery, and integration, so a project’s supply-chain plan should be tailored to its systems and risks.
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During planning, establish who may receive shipments, who can access equipment before installation, and how the project will record packaging, serial numbers, and provenance information. NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 3 discusses tamper-evident packaging and trusted or controlled distribution as potential acquisition techniques. These measures can help make handling more accountable, but the sources do not establish that any single measure guarantees equipment integrity.
Check component integrity with a documented approach
NIST SP 1800-34 describes a practice-guide solution for validating whether internal components in acquired laptops and servers are genuine and untampered. It uses vendor-stored device information with commercial and open-source tools. This is a reference approach for computing-device integrity, not a universal product or a complete construction-site security system.
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For equipment being installed, the broader project question is whether the delivered device and its expected components and configuration match what was acquired. Preserve relevant provenance and configuration records, restrict access before installation, and define who is responsible for investigating a discrepancy. Read NIST SP 1800-34, Validating the Integrity of Computing Devices.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Keep commissioning and remote access within the project security plan
Hardware, software, firmware, system development, shipping and handling, and integration all matter to supply-chain integrity. During commissioning, building-management or other cyber-physical systems may also be configured and accessed. The available guidance supports treating access and configuration as controlled, documented activities and reviewing them against the project’s security plan. It does not establish a specific construction-stage incident or justify assuming a particular system design.
NIST SP 800-161 Rev. 1 provides organization-wide guidance for identifying, assessing, and mitigating cybersecurity risks throughout the supply chain. Its page records updates as of November 1, 2024. See NIST SP 800-161 Rev. 1.
Apply the guidance to the project, not as a one-size-fits-all rule
ISO/IEC 22237-2:2024 and ISO/IEC 22237-6:2024 were published in February 2024; the ISO pages list them as paid publications. NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 3 was published in May 2024, SP 1800-34 in December 2022, and SP 800-161 Rev. 1 in May 2022, with updates recorded as of November 1, 2024. These are standards and guidance, not an incident dataset: they do not rank construction threats by likelihood or prove that one control prevents incidents. Check local building, fire, privacy, labor, and security requirements for the project’s jurisdiction.
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