A humanoid robot should work near people only after its specific task and setting have been assessed and the selected safeguards have been shown to work together. Relevant industrial-robot guidance describes methods such as monitored stops, speed and separation monitoring, and power and force limiting, but these are not a blanket guarantee—and they do not establish that a particular humanoid is certified for a particular workplace.
Start with the task, not the robot’s appearance
There is no single safety package that makes every humanoid robot safe around people. The appropriate measures depend on what the robot does, where it operates, who may enter its space, what tool or load it carries, and what could happen if a safety function fails. A robot’s humanlike shape, smooth movement, or soft outer covering is not a substitute for that assessment.
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OSHA’s Technical Manual describes application-level risk assessment for robotics. It calls attention not only to normal collaborative work but also to setup, startup, shutdown, maintenance, and emergency events. A useful assessment therefore considers the robot, its tool or end effector, the workpiece, the surrounding space, the people who may be present, and both routine and non-routine tasks.
- Identify possible contact, trapping, or other hazards arising from the robot, its tool, the workpiece, and the work area.
- Consider when people can enter the robot’s space and what the robot is expected to do in each operating mode.
- Account for foreseeable abnormal conditions, including a safety-function fault or an emergency, rather than assessing only normal movement.
- Select safeguards for the hazards identified, then verify that their behavior is appropriate for the actual application.
Which safety methods can be used?
ISO’s 2016 description of ISO/TS 15066 identifies four methods used in collaborative robot systems: safety-rated monitored stop, hand guiding, speed and separation monitoring, and power and force limiting. These describe different ways of managing interaction; they are not interchangeable features to select by name alone.
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| Method | What it is intended to address | What must be established for the application |
|---|---|---|
| Safety-rated monitored stop | Stopping robot motion when the relevant condition calls for a stop. | What triggers the stop, how the stop is monitored, and how restart is controlled. |
| Hand guiding | A collaborative mode in which a person guides the robot. | Whether the mode suits the task and what safeguards govern the robot while it is being guided. |
| Speed and separation monitoring (SSM) | Maintaining protective separation between people and the robot. | How entry into the relevant space is detected and how the safety functions respond for the task. |
| Power and force limiting (PFL) | Managing energy transfer or forces where contact may occur. | Which limits are appropriate, based on the application’s risk assessment. |
OSHA’s guidance also describes safety-related control functions that connect sensor inputs to safety logic and a response. For example, it discusses joint torque sensing linked to logic that slows or stops a robot. That is a general illustration, not evidence that a particular humanoid has a validated safety chain.
How separation monitoring and stops should work
Use sensing intended for the safety function
SSM relies on keeping an appropriate separation from people and responding when that separation is threatened. OSHA lists safety-rated laser scanners, depth cameras, and radar as possible sensing devices. A camera or other perception sensor should not be called safety-rated unless there is evidence that it is suitable for the safety function in question. A sensor on its own is also not a complete safeguard: selection, integration, configuration, and validation must fit the application.
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Define the stop and restart behavior
A protective or monitored stop is useful only as part of a defined response. The deployment should specify what condition causes a stop, what the robot does when the safety function detects that condition, and how motion may resume. Do not assume that the presence of a stop button, by itself, resolves hazards or defines safe restart behavior.
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Choose barriers and other safeguards by risk
OSHA describes presence-sensing interlocked coverings that initiate a protective stop. Barriers, scanners, or other safeguards may be appropriate in different applications; the assessment determines which combination fits. A method suited to a fixed workstation may not suit a task where people and the robot share space or where the robot carries a tool or load.
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When contact is possible, assess power and force
PFL is relevant where people may come into contact with the robot. Its limits need to be established through the application’s risk assessment; the answer depends on the robot system and task, not just a product description. A soft shell alone does not establish that contact is safe, particularly when the robot is carrying a tool or workpiece that changes the potential consequences of contact.
SSM and PFL address different concerns: one manages separation, while the other concerns energy transfer or force where contact may occur. The risk assessment should determine whether one method or a combination is suitable, taking account of the likelihood and possible severity of contact, the tool or load, and the validated response to a fault.
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What standards and certification do—and do not—establish
OSHA’s robotics standards page says there are currently no specific OSHA standards for the robotics industry and lists standards including ISO 10218-2 and ISO/TS 15066. This describes OSHA’s standards listing in the United States; it is not a complete account of every workplace obligation, nor does it settle legal requirements in other jurisdictions.
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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteISO’s 2016 announcement describes ISO/TS 15066 as guidance for designing and implementing collaborative workspaces that reduce risks to people. That guidance identifies collaborative methods; it should not be read as proof that a particular humanoid model or deployment has been certified. The official material cited here addresses industrial robotics generally, and does not establish a humanoid-specific certification rule.
For an individual robot and site, obtain the manufacturer’s safety documentation and assess the complete application before deployment. The available official material does not establish whether any particular humanoid model or use is certified under a particular standard.
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