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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteLaser spectroscopy gave researchers a way to infer how nobelium nuclei change in size and shape, even though the element is produced in exceptionally small quantities. The phrase “first glimpse” refers to nuclear-structure information derived from atomic spectra and calculations—not a direct image of a nucleus, and not the first observation or laser spectroscopy of a nobelium atom.
Two milestones: identifying a transition, then probing nuclei
The story unfolded in distinct steps. In 2016, researchers reported atom-at-a-time resonance ionization spectroscopy of nobelium and identified its atomic ground-state transition from 1S0 to 1P1. That result opened experimental access to the atomic structure of an element heavier than fermium; it was not yet the later measurement of nobelium nuclear properties. Nature’s 2016 report describes that atomic-spectroscopy milestone.
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In 2018, a separate study used laser spectroscopy, alongside atomic-structure calculations, to investigate nuclear properties in nobelium isotopes 252No, 253No and 254No. It reported differential mean-square charge radii and evaluated hyperfine splitting in 253No. The study’s title, “Probing Sizes and Shapes of Nobelium Isotopes by Laser Spectroscopy,” refers to those inferred properties. The 2018 Physical Review Letters paper presents the result.
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Outbyte Driver Updater FREEScan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Outbyte PC Repair FREERepair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →How atomic light reveals changes inside a nucleus
Isotope shifts and charge radii
Atoms absorb or emit light at characteristic transition frequencies. When researchers compare the same transition across isotopes, its frequency can shift. That isotope shift is measured in the atomic spectrum; interpreting it with atomic-structure calculations lets researchers extract changes in the nucleus’s mean-square charge radius. The result is a comparison of nuclear size between isotopes, not a photograph or a direct reading of the nucleus’s outline.
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Hyperfine structure and nuclear moments
Hyperfine splitting provides a complementary signal. In the 2018 study, evaluating the splitting of 253No supplied information about its quadrupole deformation and, through nuclear spin and magnetic moment, the neutron single-particle wave function. These nuclear properties are inferred from spectral measurements with the aid of calculations, rather than directly observed by shining a laser on the nucleus.
Why the experiment is difficult
Nobelium is radioactive and available only in tiny quantities, so researchers must work with very few atoms and measure them promptly. Chemistry World’s account of the 2018 experiment reported that it produced at best four nobelium ions per second from a calcium-ion flux of around 4.4 × 1012 particles per second. Those figures describe the conditions reported for that experiment, not a universal nobelium production rate. Chemistry World’s 2018 report gives that account.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What later work added
A 2024 study extended isotope-shift data in the nobelium chain while reporting measurements across fermium isotopes. The authors found that a range of energy-density-functional nuclear models reproduced the observed smooth evolution in nuclear size, and discussed how shell effects influence that evolution less strongly than in lighter nuclei. This is later context for the field, not a finding of the 2018 nobelium study. Nature’s 2024 paper reports the extension.
Quick Recap
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- The spectroscope is made of optical glass. The composite prism and converging lens are installed in the vertical tube. Hold the spectroscope tube, the slit facing the light, a parallel beam is generated from the slit and converging lens. When the parallel beam pass through the prism, the dispersion spectrum can be directly observed. If the is fluorescent light, against the background of the continuous spectrum, one can see spectra of mercury (three straight lines).
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