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Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Zcash (ZEC) is a cryptocurrency that supports both transparent and shielded transactions. Shielded transactions use zero-knowledge proofs to let the network verify that a payment follows the rules without publicly revealing protected details. But ZEC is not private by default in every transaction: what observers can learn depends on the address type, shielded pool and route the payment takes.
How Zcash privacy works
Zcash combines a publicly visible payment system with a shielded one. Its protocol specification describes Zcash as an implementation of Zerocash, bridging Bitcoin’s transparent payment scheme with a shielded payment scheme secured by zk-SNARKs. The current protocol reference surfaced as version 2025.6.3-179-g6025f3, identified as NU6.1. Read the Zcash protocol specification.
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In a shielded payment, value is represented by a note associated with a shielded payment address. Commitments and proofs let the protocol enforce validity rules while keeping shielded details from public observers. The network can check that the payment is valid without seeing the protected information.
What a zk-SNARK does
A zk-SNARK is a zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive argument of knowledge. In practical terms, it allows a prover to show that a statement is true—or that it knows information needed to establish that statement—without disclosing that information or conducting an interactive exchange with the verifier. For Zcash, shielded transaction details can be encrypted on-chain while consensus rules are still checked. The Zcash Foundation’s explanation of zk-SNARKs introduces the concept.
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Transparent and shielded transactions compared
| Transaction type | What the public can see | Privacy implication |
|---|---|---|
| Transparent | Transaction details are publicly visible, as in a conventional public blockchain payment. | Do not treat a transparent payment as shielded; its public details can be inspected on-chain. |
| Shielded | Protected transaction details are encrypted, while proofs allow the network to validate the transaction. | Details covered by the shielded payment are not published for ordinary public observers, but privacy depends on the pool and transaction path. |
Zcash therefore does not automatically hide every use of ZEC. The privacy properties of a particular payment depend on whether it uses transparent or shielded addresses and, for shielded transfers, which pool is involved.
What Orchard adds
Orchard is a shielded protocol introduced in the NU5 network upgrade. NU5 activated at block 1687104 on May 31, 2022, and introduced Unified Addresses and the Halo proving system. The NU5 proposal documents the upgrade.
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Orchard has its own shielded pool and anonymity set; it is separate from the Sapling and Sprout pools. Orchard supports spending Orchard notes. Its keys and addresses are described in the Orchard Book.
Unified Addresses
Unified Addresses can bundle multiple address types so a sender can use a compatible type. Mainnet Unified Addresses use a u1 prefix. The design is intended to make receiving across address types more interoperable; it does not make every payment private regardless of the route or wallet behavior.
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Where Zcash privacy has limits
Shielded protection applies to the details covered by the shielded transaction mechanism, not to every activity connected with a person or every transfer of ZEC. Transparent addresses expose transaction details, and moving funds between shielded pools can reveal value. Orchard uses a transparent turnstile when value enters or leaves its pool; in particular, spending from Orchard to a non-Orchard address reveals the transaction amount. Orchard, Sapling and Sprout also have separate anonymity sets, so activity in one pool should not be assumed to blend with activity in another.
These limits make the transaction path important. A shielded address or wallet feature alone is not a guarantee that an entire payment history, its endpoints or related activity will be concealed. The protocol’s privacy protections and the information a user or service may otherwise expose are distinct questions.
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Wallet support and custody are separate decisions
To use shielded ZEC, a wallet must support the relevant shielded address type and transaction path. Wallets also differ in custody model and compatibility, so check current support rather than assuming that every wallet handles Orchard or shielded transactions in the same way.
The Zcash ecosystem directory describes Zashi as a self-custody, Zcash-only shielded wallet. That is the directory’s description, not an independent assessment of the wallet’s present features or performance. Check the Zashi site and the Zcash ecosystem directory for current information before choosing a wallet.
Protocol privacy is not a website privacy policy
A privacy policy for an organization’s website covers information handled through that website; it does not define the protections of the Zcash protocol or the practices of third-party wallets and services. The Zcash Foundation’s policy, updated July 1, 2026, says the Foundation does not have access to wallet keys, seed phrases or shielded transaction contents, and explicitly does not govern third-party wallets and services. Read the Zcash Foundation privacy policy.
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