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What Is SD-WAN, and How Does It Differ From Traditional WAN?

SD-WAN applies software-defined management and policies to WAN connections. Learn how it differs from a traditional data-center-centered WAN—and why MPLS can still be part of it.

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SD-WAN is a software-defined way to manage wide-area network connections. Instead of relying on a fixed path between branch offices and a data center, it can apply centralized policies to traffic and steer it across available connections, such as broadband, cellular, or MPLS. It is not a particular kind of circuit: MPLS can remain one of the connections used beneath an SD-WAN overlay.

What is a WAN?

A wide-area network (WAN) connects locations over geographic distances—for example, a company’s offices, campuses, and data centers. In a common traditional enterprise design, branches connect to applications hosted in a central data center using carrier services such as dedicated MPLS circuits.

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That data-center-centered arrangement can be less direct when employees use cloud and SaaS applications hosted elsewhere. Cisco describes how traffic patterns have shifted toward distributed destinations, putting pressure on architectures built around sending branch traffic through an organization’s intranet and data center first. Cisco’s SD-WAN overview explains that context.

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What is SD-WAN?

Software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) is an approach to managing WAN connections through software-defined policy and control. It commonly creates an overlay across one or more underlying network transports. A controller or management system can help apply configuration and policy across sites, while WAN edge devices handle traffic at branches or other locations.

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Depending on the product and deployment, the underlying connections may include MPLS, broadband internet, LTE or other cellular links, satellite, or a combination. The overlay can identify application traffic and use policy to select an available route. Cisco’s SD-WAN architecture white paper describes an overlay that can use multiple transports; its Catalyst SD-WAN Design Guide describes applying SDN principles to WAN management. Specific transports, features, and workflows vary by vendor.

Traditional WAN and SD-WAN compared

Area Traditional WAN pattern SD-WAN approach
Connections Often built around dedicated circuits, such as MPLS, linking sites to data centers. Can manage an overlay across multiple available connections, potentially including MPLS, broadband, and cellular.
Traffic paths Often uses established site-to-data-center routes. Can apply application-aware policies to direct traffic over supported paths.
Operations Configuration may involve per-device or carrier changes and can be operationally complex. Centralized management, templates, and automation are common design goals; exact capabilities depend on the product.
Cloud access A data-center-centric route may send cloud-bound traffic farther than necessary. Can be designed for direct internet or cloud access where policy and security requirements permit.
Security A private circuit by itself is not a complete security architecture. Some products offer encrypted overlays, segmentation, authentication, or integrated security; capabilities and configuration differ.
Cost Dedicated circuits can be costly, with actual pricing and service levels set by market and contract. Lower-cost links may reduce some transport costs, but devices, licenses, implementation, and operations also affect total cost.

This is a comparison of common architectural patterns, not a guarantee that one approach will be faster, cheaper, or easier for every organization. Cisco and Fortinet describe product-specific approaches in their SD-WAN overview, architecture white paper, design guide, and SD-WAN explainer.

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Does SD-WAN replace MPLS?

Not necessarily. MPLS is a transport option; SD-WAN is a management and policy architecture that can use transports such as MPLS. An organization can retain MPLS for some sites or applications while adding broadband or cellular links and managing them through an SD-WAN overlay.

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Whether to keep or replace a circuit depends on its service levels, cost, availability, application needs, and the behavior required during outages. The important distinction is that adopting SD-WAN does not, by itself, mean eliminating MPLS.

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Is SD-WAN the same as a VPN?

No. A VPN provides a secure connection function, while SD-WAN is a broader way to manage WAN paths and traffic policies. SD-WAN products may use VPN tunnels as part of their implementation, but a VPN alone does not provide the full set of centralized management and traffic-steering capabilities associated with SD-WAN. Fortinet’s SD-WAN explainer discusses the technology and related terminology.

What SD-WAN can—and cannot—promise

  • More direct cloud paths: A design may let suitable traffic reach cloud services without first traversing a central data center. Whether that improves a particular application’s experience depends on the routes, policies, and service involved.
  • Resilience: Multiple links can provide path choices, but failover behavior depends on configuration, the links themselves, and the application’s tolerance for interruption.
  • Lower cost: Broadband or cellular may be less expensive than some dedicated circuits, but total ownership cost also includes equipment, software licenses, implementation, support, and operations.
  • Security: The SD-WAN label does not establish that a deployment includes every security control an organization needs. Cisco’s Catalyst SD-WAN FAQ, updated September 17, 2024, describes integrated on-premises and cloud-based security capabilities for Cisco’s offering; other products and deployments may differ.
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How to evaluate an SD-WAN design

Start with the network and applications you actually operate rather than assuming that the technology will deliver the same result everywhere. Build an inventory of sites, existing circuits, cloud destinations, latency-sensitive applications, resilience requirements, regulatory obligations, and the skills available to run the network.

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Then compare candidate designs and products against these practical questions:

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  • Which transports are available at each site, and what service levels do providers offer?
  • How are application traffic, path selection, and failover policies configured and tested?
  • Can a physical or virtual WAN edge meet interface and performance needs when the required security features are enabled?
  • Where do management and security functions run—at the branch, in a cloud service, or elsewhere—and who operates them?
  • How do interoperability, licensing, support, implementation, and lifecycle costs affect the full design?

Ask vendors to demonstrate normal and failure-state traffic paths against your own application and resilience requirements. Cisco’s design guide discusses physical and virtual WAN edge options for its Catalyst product; its implementation recommendations should not be assumed to apply to every vendor.

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