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A free scan shows the junk files, broken settings and background clutter dragging Windows down - then fixes them in one click.Free scan · Windows 10 & 11Elixir OTP is the set of runtime services, libraries, and design patterns Elixir developers use to build concurrent, fault-tolerant systems on the Erlang virtual machine. Processes do concurrent work and exchange messages; OTP behaviors such as GenServer structure common process roles; supervisors start and recover child processes; and applications package code with a start-and-stop lifecycle. These are related layers, not synonyms: OTP is broader than a supervision tree.
How an OTP application fits together
A useful starting picture is the runtime tree. An OTP application starts its top-level supervisor; that supervisor starts its children; a child may be a worker process or another supervisor. A worker can use GenServer when it needs a managed state and explicit request handling, but many processes do not need that abstraction.
OTP application
└── Top-level supervisor
├── Registry
└── DynamicSupervisor
└── supervised workers (as needed)This tree is illustrative, not a required layout. The actual children depend on the application. A Registry or DynamicSupervisor is useful only when the system needs its particular role.
Elixir runs on the Erlang virtual machine and uses Erlang/OTP libraries and conventions. OTP is not a separate Elixir syntax feature, nor does it mean only the supervisor tree. A Mix project is also not automatically identical to one OTP application: the project is a build and development unit, while an OTP application is a component the runtime can start and stop.
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What an Elixir process is—and when to use one
An Elixir process is a lightweight unit of execution managed by the Erlang VM. It has isolated state and communicates with other processes by sending messages. It is not an operating-system process, and its state is not shared directly with other Elixir processes.
Choose the simplest abstraction that fits the job:
| Abstraction | Typical responsibility |
|---|---|
| Plain spawned process | Simple isolated work and message handling where you do not need a richer managed-process interface. |
Task |
Bounded asynchronous work, particularly when a caller needs to await a result or supervise the work. |
Agent |
Straightforward managed state accessed through a small set of operations. |
GenServer |
A server process with explicit request handling, callbacks, and managed state or coordination. |
These are choices by responsibility, not a ladder every process should climb. A GenServer is not required just because code runs concurrently; use it when its server-process model makes the behavior clearer and more manageable.
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What supervisors do
A supervisor is itself a process. It starts and monitors child processes, and applies the restart behavior configured for them when a child terminates. Supervisors can supervise other supervisors, forming a hierarchy that organizes fault handling. The Erlang/OTP supervisor documentation describes this structure as a supervision tree used for fault tolerance.
In a simple illustrative arrangement, an application callback starts a top-level supervisor, and that supervisor starts children in declared order. For example, a named registry should be available before a worker that looks up processes in that registry. Startup order is therefore part of the design, not just a list-formatting detail.
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Choose a strategy based on child relationships
| Strategy | What happens after a child fails | When the relationship may fit |
|---|---|---|
:one_for_one |
Only the failed child is restarted. | Children can operate independently; one child’s failure does not make its siblings’ state or operation invalid. |
:one_for_all |
All children are restarted when one fails. | Children must be re-created together to restore a consistent group. |
:rest_for_one |
The failed child and children started after it are restarted. | Later children depend on earlier children, so restarting the affected suffix can restore dependency order. |
These descriptions explain the strategies at a design level; restart intensity and each child’s restart setting also affect the outcome. Do not assume a failure always restarts every child. Set child order and strategy to reflect real dependencies, and consult the current supervisor reference for exact behavior and options.
How an OTP application starts and stops
An OTP application is a runtime component that can be started and stopped as a unit. Its application callback typically starts the top-level supervisor; the supervisor then starts the application’s supervision tree. Erlang/OTP describes an application as functionality that can be started and stopped as a unit and reused in other systems.
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This lifecycle is useful for services or components that need coordinated startup and shutdown. A library whose code is simply called by another component and does not itself need a runtime lifecycle may not need an application callback. The presence of a Mix project alone does not determine whether a separately managed application callback is appropriate.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What “let it crash” means in practice
“Let it crash” is a recovery approach: rather than leave a process in an unknown or inconsistent state, allow a failure to terminate it and let its supervisor apply the declared restart policy. This can simplify recovery when a process’s state can safely be rebuilt.
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It is not permission to ignore errors, skip input validation, or assume that restarting erases consequences. A process may have performed an external side effect before crashing; its in-memory state may not be reconstructible; repeatedly failing children can exceed a supervisor’s restart intensity; and dependent processes may need coordinated recovery. Design for those cases instead of treating supervision as a guarantee that every failure is harmless.
Checking Elixir and Erlang/OTP compatibility
As accessed on October 4, 2026, the official Elixir documentation listed Elixir 1.20.4 as stable and Erlang/OTP 27, 28, and 29 as supported. Compatibility changes over time, so check the live compatibility information for the Elixir release you plan to install before choosing or upgrading Erlang/OTP.
Further learning
The official Elixir learning page points readers to Elixir in Action for coverage that includes the Erlang VM, OTP, concurrency, fault tolerance, and distributed systems. It also lists Elixir Succinctly, a free ebook covering messages, processes, GenServer, and a sample application.
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