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What Is Block-Level Storage? Definition and How It Works

Block-level storage gives a server or virtual machine a logical volume of addressable blocks. The host or application organizes that data for use.
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Block-level storage presents a host with a logical volume whose data can be read and written in addressable blocks. The host or application organizes those blocks—for example, by creating a file system or using the volume for a database. Unlike file storage, block storage does not itself present users with a shared-folder hierarchy.

How block-level storage works

A storage system makes a logical volume available to a server or virtual machine. The host can then use the volume like a disk: its operating system might format it with a file system, or an application might manage the data layout directly. The block layer supplies low-level read and write access; the files and directories people work with come from a higher layer.

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Block storage can come from a locally attached device, a storage area network (SAN), or a cloud service. In a SAN, hosts commonly connect using Fibre Channel or IP-based iSCSI. Cloud services abstract much of the physical infrastructure and expose volumes that can be attached to compute instances.

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Block storage compared with file and object storage

The main distinction is how a consumer addresses and accesses data—not a universal ranking of speed or suitability.

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Storage type What the consumer addresses Common fit
Block A volume and its addressable blocks; the host provides file-system or application organization. Virtual-machine disks, boot and data volumes, and disk-oriented workloads such as databases.
File Files and directories through a file-system interface. Shared folders, home directories, and content repositories.
Object Objects through an API, generally using object identifiers and associated metadata. Large collections of unstructured content and API-oriented cloud workloads.

Choose according to how an application reads and writes data, whether multiple clients need shared file semantics, and whether API-based object access fits the workload. Performance, availability, sharing behavior, and cost depend on the particular service and its terms.

Example: Amazon EBS

Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) is one cloud implementation of block storage for Amazon EC2. AWS describes it this way in the Amazon EC2 User Guide: “Amazon EBS provides durable, block-level storage volumes that you can attach and detach from your instances.” AWS also explains that an attached volume can be used like a local hard drive, including by creating a file system on it or running a database. That illustrates the block-storage model; it does not mean every provider’s volume has the same performance or sharing behavior.

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Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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