An air-gapped computer is physically separated or isolated from other systems or networks. It is not a special kind of computer, and the label alone does not prove that every connection has been removed. The important details are what the system can connect to and how data crosses its boundary.
What does “air gap” mean in computing?
The NICCS glossary defines an air gap as the physical separation or isolation of a system from other systems or networks. It uses the term as both a verb and a noun, drawing on security references including NIST SP 800-82. Read the NICCS glossary definition.
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In everyday use, an “air-gapped computer” is a machine intentionally kept off connected networks. That might mean it has no network cable or wireless connection, or it might mean a more specific arrangement. The phrase does not identify a computer model or describe its full configuration.
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How is an air gap different from network segmentation?
Air-gapping refers to physical separation or isolation. Network segmentation divides a network into portions using boundaries and controls; approved communications may still pass between them. The terms are related security approaches, but they are not interchangeable. Describe the actual architecture—what is physically disconnected, what links remain, and which communications are allowed—rather than relying on a label.
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CISA says air-gapping and segmentation can limit, but not eliminate, exposure to compromise. CISA’s election infrastructure security guidance discusses both approaches.
Does an air-gapped computer have any connections?
It may have paths that are easy to overlook. In a 2023 advisory, CISA reported that assessment teams had reached operational technology networks described as fully air-gapped by finding special-purpose, forgotten, or accidental network connections. That is a reason to verify the complete connection inventory, not evidence that every isolated system is routinely breached. Read the CISA, NSA, and CISA Red and Blue Teams advisory.
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To understand a particular system’s isolation, check whether it has wired or wireless network links, whether it is ever connected temporarily, and whether any other device or connection can bridge it to another system. The name “air gap” does not answer those configuration questions.
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Data has to cross the boundary whenever the system needs files or updates. That crossing is part of the security design, not an exception that makes the boundary irrelevant. CISA advises accounting for every transfer method and identifies write-once, use-once external media as one possible control. The appropriate method depends on compatibility, policy, inspection, and operational needs; no one media type suits every system. CISA’s guidance describes transfer controls.
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Removable media is itself a security boundary to manage. CISA warns that user error—such as connecting removable storage or another device across network segments—can undermine segmentation. Organizations should define approved transfer methods and control non-approved media or software rather than treating any offline file transfer as automatically safe. See CISA’s election infrastructure security guidance.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What does an air gap protect against—and what does it not prove?
Physical isolation can reduce exposure to connected networks, but it does not establish that compromise is impossible. A forgotten connection can defeat the intended separation, and data-transfer procedures create deliberate crossings that need controls. Treat “air-gapped” as a description of an isolation arrangement, not a guarantee of immunity or a substitute for securing the system and its transfer process.
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- Waterproof vinyl decal: Water, UV and weather resistance make this sticker suitable for indoor and outdoor decoration, from laptops and bottles to car windows.
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- 5-inch longest side: The selected size measures 5 inches along the longest side of the sticker. The shorter side varies with the design.
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