The most reliable clues are behavioral, not technical. Treat an unexpected urgent request for money, credentials, a one-time code or account access—especially from someone claiming authority or a familiar identity—as a possible fraud attempt. Pressure to keep the request secret or move to a different channel raises the risk. AI-generated text, cloned voices and synthetic video can make a false story convincing, but a realistic message or call is not proof of identity.
Pause, refuse to act through the incoming contact, and verify the person or organization through a phone number or website you find independently. The guidance below is U.S.-focused, based on FBI and Federal Trade Commission advisories, and explains how to judge intent without pretending that any visual or audio detector is perfect.
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Intent is a stronger signal than polish
Generative AI lets criminals produce fluent messages, credible profiles and personalized scripts at scale. The FBI says these tools support social-engineering, spear-phishing, romance and investment schemes; generated images and cloned audio or video can support fictitious identities and impersonation. A polished sentence, familiar photograph or convincing voice therefore tells you very little by itself.
Ask instead: What does this contact want me to do, how quickly, and why can I not verify it normally? Fraud becomes more likely when the requested action creates an immediate financial, security or privacy consequence and the sender discourages independent checking.
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The highest-value warning signs
| Signal | What the contact may request | Why it matters | Safe response |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unexpected urgency or distress | Immediate help for a supposed family emergency, legal problem or business crisis | Time pressure is designed to bypass your normal judgment | Stop and contact the person through a known number; use a pre-agreed family phrase for emergencies |
| Authority or familiar-person impersonation | Payment, a confidential task, an introduction or access to an account | AI can imitate names, writing styles, voices and faces | Authenticate the request through an independently found official or personal channel |
| Payment instructions | Wire transfer, cryptocurrency, gift cards or an unfamiliar payment route | These methods can be difficult to reverse, particularly under pressure | Do not send funds until the request is confirmed outside the conversation |
| Credential or code capture | Password, private information, one-time authentication code or account access | The information can enable account takeover or impersonation | Never disclose an authentication code in response to an unsolicited contact |
| Channel shift | Move from email or text to an encrypted messaging app or another number | A new channel can make verification and organizational oversight harder | Treat the move as an additional reason to verify, especially when money or security is involved |
| Contact-detail mismatch | Messages from a look-alike address, number, URL or name | Small spelling or domain changes can conceal an impostor | Find the real contact details yourself rather than using the message |
Any one signal can have an innocent explanation. Several together—an urgent story, a request for money or codes, and a demand to change channels—justify ending the interaction until identity is confirmed.
How can I tell if a scammer is using AI?
Look for the requested consequence first
Classify the ask before judging the writing or voice. Is the sender seeking money, sensitive personal information, credentials, a two-factor code, remote access or a new payment route? A request that could transfer funds or control of an account deserves the same pause whether it arrives as a typo-filled text or a flawless video call.
Separate trust-building from authentication
Scammers may spend time establishing a believable backstory, using public information about your family, employer or interests. A profile with detailed facts can be machine-generated or assembled from public sources. Familiar details show preparation, not identity. Do not let a long conversation, professional tone or matching photograph substitute for an independent check.
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Test urgency and secrecy
Ask why the request cannot wait for a normal callback, second approver or in-person confirmation. Claims that you must act immediately, keep the matter secret or avoid a supervisor are classic social-engineering pressure. Tell the caller you will verify separately, then end the call or stop replying. A legitimate person may be inconvenienced; a fraudster loses control of the script.
Inspect contact details without trusting them
Compare the displayed sender address, telephone number, account name and URL with records you already trust. Look for one-character substitutions, extra words, unusual country codes and domains that resemble—but are not—the genuine organization. Do not open a link or call a number supplied in the suspicious message to perform the check.
What are the warning signs of an AI voice scam?
A cloned voice can sound like a relative, executive or public official. The FBI has warned about AI-generated voice messages in impersonation campaigns, including attempts to obtain authentication codes and move targets into other messaging channels. A familiar voice is therefore a claim, not an authentication method.
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- The call begins with an emergency, threat or confidential instruction and allows no time to think.
- The caller asks for a wire, cryptocurrency, gift card, password, one-time code or remote access.
- The person refuses a callback on the number in your existing contacts or objects to involving another trusted person.
- Speech has unusual pauses, an odd inflection, choppy timing, audio delay or background noise that does not fit the scene.
- The story, location, names or time line conflicts with what you know, even if the voice sounds right.
Audio artifacts can raise suspicion but cannot clear a call. Modern synthetic media may be difficult to identify, and poor network quality can create similar glitches. Use a known number to call the supposed person back; for a family emergency, ask for the secret phrase agreed in advance. For a workplace request, confirm with the colleague through the company directory and an independent channel.
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- Stop the transaction. Do not send money, credentials, authentication codes, personal data or device access while the contact is active. If a payment is already queued, contact the bank or payment provider immediately using its official number.
- End the incoming session. Hang up, close the chat or stop replying. Do not use links, phone numbers or email addresses supplied in the message for your check.
- Find a trusted route independently. Type the organization’s known web address yourself, use an existing contact record, or call the person’s established number. For a business, ask a second employee or manager to confirm the request using normal procedures.
- Use a prearranged challenge for family calls. A private phrase or question known only to the family can help test an emergency claim. Do not choose a phrase based on information visible on social media.
- Verify the consequence, not just the identity. Even a real account can be compromised. Confirm the exact amount, destination account, deadline and reason through a second trusted person before approving a high-risk action.
- Preserve evidence. Save messages, caller numbers, usernames, URLs, payment instructions, dates and screenshots. Keep original files when possible; do not edit them before reporting.
- Report suspected internet fraud. The FBI asks complainants to provide interaction and transaction details when filing with the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3). Contact your bank, payment service, employer or relevant platform as soon as possible as well.
Media clues are useful for suspicion, not proof
Possible synthetic-media artifacts include distorted facial features, unnatural movement, inconsistent shadows or lighting, mismatched lip movement, unusual pauses, odd inflection, choppy speech and background noise that does not match the environment. Contradictory details—such as a person’s mouth moving differently from the audio or a reflection that changes incorrectly—can justify stopping.
The absence of those artifacts does not establish that media is genuine. The FBI’s December 3, 2024 advisory notes that AI-generated content can be difficult to identify. The FTC’s April 2024 analysis of AI-enabled voice-cloning defenses describes three broad approaches: authenticating a caller before the interaction, detecting synthesis in real time, and evaluating recordings afterward. Each has limitations, including changing models, noisy recordings, false positives and the possibility that criminals switch techniques. Consumer detection tools should therefore supplement, never replace, independent verification.
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Signals by fraud format
| Format | Typical intent signal | Best verification |
|---|---|---|
| Text or email | Urgent payment, login or code request from a look-alike address; request to continue in another app | Open the organization’s site yourself and contact it through a published route |
| Voice call or voicemail | Familiar voice demands secrecy, immediate funds or an authentication code | Hang up and call the known number; use a family phrase when relevant |
| Video call | Authority figure pressures you to approve a transfer or disclose access while avoiding normal meetings | Confirm with a separate colleague, scheduled callback or established corporate process |
| Social profile or romance/investment chat | Rapid intimacy, consistent scripted replies, requests for money or cryptocurrency | Stop financial contact and verify identity outside the profile; never rely on supplied documents or images alone |
What to do if you already complied
Speed matters because transfers, account takeovers and stolen codes can propagate quickly. Contact your bank, card issuer, payment service or cryptocurrency exchange through its official support route and ask what reversal or fraud hold options exist. Change compromised passwords from a clean device, beginning with email and financial accounts, and revoke unfamiliar sessions or app permissions. Tell your employer or affected contacts if a work account or address book may have been exposed.
Retain the original conversation and transaction records. Report the incident to IC3 and to the platform where it occurred. If identity documents or highly sensitive personal data were disclosed, follow the relevant government identity-theft reporting process and monitor accounts for unauthorized activity. Do not pay a second party that promises to recover funds for an upfront fee; recovery scams often target recent victims.
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How large is AI-related fraud?
The FBI/IC3 2025 IC3 Annual Report, published in 2026, records 22,364 complaints containing AI-related information and $893,346,472 in adjusted losses reported to IC3 in 2025. These are reported complaints, not a census of all AI-enabled fraud; many incidents are never reported, and the category depends on what complainants told IC3.
For broader context, the FTC reported that consumers reported losing $3.5 billion to imposter scams in 2025. That figure covers imposter scams generally, not only cases involving AI, so it should not be presented as an AI-fraud total. Together, the figures show why impersonation deserves attention without proving that every scam uses generative tools.
A practical decision rule
Use this three-part test before acting:
- Consequence: Would complying send money, reveal sensitive data, surrender a code or grant account access?
- Pressure: Is the sender creating urgency, distress, authority or secrecy, or pushing you to a less familiar channel?
- Verification: Can you reach the real person or organization independently and confirm the exact request?
If the consequence is high and either pressure or verification failure is present, treat the contact as untrusted. End the interaction, verify separately and document what happened. This rule works even when no obvious deepfake artifact appears, because it focuses on the criminal’s objective rather than on a detector’s guess about how the message was made.
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