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Uninsured motorist (UM) coverage generally applies when an at-fault driver has no bodily liability insurance. Underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage generally applies when the at-fault driver is insured but their liability limits are too low to cover the damages. State law and your policy determine which losses qualify and how much a claim can pay.
UM vs. UIM at a glance
| Question | Uninsured motorist (UM) | Underinsured motorist (UIM) |
|---|---|---|
| What is the other driver’s insurance situation? | The at-fault driver has no applicable bodily liability insurance. Some definitions also include qualifying hit-and-run crashes, denied coverage, or an insolvent insurer; check state law and policy wording. | The at-fault driver has liability insurance, but its limits are inadequate to pay all damages. |
| What losses may be covered? | Depending on the policy and state, bodily injury, vehicle damage, or both. | Primarily bodily injury under many definitions; whether property damage coverage is available depends on the state and policy. |
| How are payments determined? | Subject to the coverage type, policy limits, exclusions, and claim requirements. | Subject to the policy’s limits and the state’s rules for how the other driver’s liability coverage interacts with UIM. |
These are general distinctions, not guarantees that a particular crash or loss qualifies. The NAIC describes UM and UIM coverage in its 2025 Auto Insurance Database report; definitions and claim calculations still depend on applicable state law and policy terms.
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What does uninsured motorist coverage cover?
UM coverage can help an insured person harmed by a driver who lacks bodily liability insurance. The NAIC also describes situations that may fall under UM, including certain hit-and-run crashes and cases where the other insurer denies coverage or becomes insolvent. Whether those circumstances are covered depends on the governing definition, evidence requirements, exclusions, and policy.
Bodily injury coverage
UM bodily injury (UMBI) may help pay for covered injury-related losses when an uninsured at-fault driver causes a crash. The policy’s covered people, limits, exclusions, and claims process determine what can be paid.
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Property damage coverage
Uninsured motorist property damage (UMPD), where available and included, may pay for damage to your vehicle when an uninsured or hit-and-run driver is at fault. Do not assume that buying UM bodily injury automatically includes vehicle damage coverage. The NAIC’s auto insurance shopping tool treats UM bodily injury and UM property damage as separate coverage components.
What does underinsured motorist coverage cover?
UIM is designed for a different gap: the at-fault driver has insurance, but the available liability limits are not enough for the damages. The NAIC defines UIM as protection for an insured in an accident caused by another motorist whose insurance limits are inadequate to pay all damages in a serious accident.
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“Underinsured” is not calculated by one nationwide formula. State law and policy wording can determine when the other driver qualifies as underinsured and how the liability payment affects any UIM payment. A driver’s having low limits alone does not establish what your insurer will pay.
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A state-specific limit example
North Carolina’s Department of Insurance says UIM pays a maximum equal to the difference between the at-fault driver’s liability limits and the insured’s UIM limits. That is a North Carolina rule stated by the North Carolina Department of Insurance, not a formula to apply in every state.
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Do you need both UM and UIM?
UM and UIM address different insurance situations: no applicable insurance versus insurance that is insufficient. Whether you must carry either, can reject it, or can select particular types of coverage depends on your state and policy. NAIC’s 2025 state-rule database describes a varied landscape: a majority of states require insurers to offer UM, some permit rejection, and UIM is usually not required. This is a dated national overview, not a substitute for checking current requirements with your state insurance department.
For context, NAIC reports an Insurance Research Council estimate that 15.4% of U.S. motorists were uninsured in 2023—about one in seven. The reported state range was 5.7% in Maine to 28.2% in Mississippi. These are 2023 estimates, not a measurement for 2026; see the NAIC uninsured motorists page.
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Does UM or UIM replace GAP insurance?
No. UM and UIM concern covered losses caused by an uninsured or underinsured at-fault driver. GAP insurance addresses a different shortfall: the difference between a vehicle’s value and the amount still owed on a loan or lease. NAIC distinguishes these products in its consumer auto insurance guide.
What to check in your policy
Review your declarations page and policy wording, then confirm details with your insurer or state insurance department. Check:
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- Your state’s current UM and UIM requirements, including whether coverage may be rejected and what election or rejection paperwork applies.
- Whether your policy lists UM bodily injury, UM property damage, UIM, or only some of these, and the limits for each.
- How your state and policy define an underinsured driver and calculate UIM payments, including any interaction with the other driver’s liability limits.
- What the policy requires for a hit-and-run claim, including evidence and reporting deadlines.
- Who is insured, what losses are excluded, and how quickly you must report a crash or submit claim documents.
If you are comparing coverage, ask a licensed insurance agent or your state insurance department how the available options and limits apply to your circumstances.
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