To use Terraform state locking without DynamoDB, enable use_lockfile = true in the S3 backend. Terraform then creates a lock object by appending .tflock to the configured state key. The feature is opt-in, and the Terraform identity needs permission to read, write, and delete that lock object.
Configure S3 native state locking
Add the use_lockfile argument to your existing backend "s3" block. This example uses placeholder bucket, key, and region values:
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terraform {
backend "s3" {
bucket = "example-bucket"
key = "path/to/state"
region = "us-east-1"
use_lockfile = true
}
}HashiCorp documents use_lockfile as defaulting to false, so locking is not enabled merely by using the S3 backend. The S3 backend stores state at the configured bucket and key; the lock object uses that key with .tflock appended. See the S3 backend documentation for the supported configuration.
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Grant access to state and lock objects
Scope the Terraform identity’s permissions to the backend’s actual object paths, including workspace paths where applicable. HashiCorp documents state-object access separately from lockfile access: the state object needs list, read, and write permissions, while native locking additionally requires read, write, and delete permissions for the .tflock object. The backend does not require s3:DeleteObject on the state object itself.
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- State object: allow the documented bucket listing and state-object read/write access required by your configuration.
- Lock object: allow
s3:GetObject,s3:PutObject, ands3:DeleteObjecton the lockfile path. - Workspaces: include the configured workspace key prefix and workspace name in the permitted object paths for non-default workspaces.
HashiCorp strongly recommends enabling S3 bucket versioning so you can recover state after accidental deletion or human error. Versioning is a recovery measure; it does not replace locking.
Reinitialize after changing the backend
Terraform requires backend reinitialization after a backend configuration change. Run terraform init from the working directory before running plans, applies, or state operations. During reinitialization, Terraform may offer to migrate existing state; follow the CLI prompt and your team’s change-control process rather than editing state manually. The terraform init command documentation explains initialization and backend migration.
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- Update the S3 backend configuration with
use_lockfile = true. - Run
terraform init. - If Terraform asks whether to migrate state, review the change and proceed according to your established state-management process.
What locking protects—and when not to unlock
Terraform locks state automatically for operations that could write state when the backend supports locking. If it cannot acquire the lock, it stops rather than continuing with a potentially conflicting write. HashiCorp describes this behavior in its state locking documentation.
Do not use -lock=false as a routine workaround; it disables locking for commands that support the option. Use terraform force-unlock only to recover when your own lock failed to clear. Removing another operator’s active lock can allow concurrent state writers.
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Move from DynamoDB locking carefully
HashiCorp’s current S3 backend documentation marks DynamoDB-based locking as deprecated and says it will be removed in a future minor Terraform version. The page does not identify the release that will remove it. It also does not state the first Terraform version that supports use_lockfile, so verify compatibility across every client that operates on the state rather than assuming a minimum version.
The documentation permits configuring both the S3 lockfile and DynamoDB arguments at the same time to accommodate older Terraform clients that support only DynamoDB locking. That can help with a staged rollout: first make sure participating clients can use the selected mechanism, then remove the legacy argument when no longer needed. Enabling the lockfile changes the backend’s locking configuration; terraform init is the required reinitialization step for backend changes.
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Choose the approach that fits your team
| Approach | What it provides | What to consider |
|---|---|---|
| S3 lockfile | Native S3 backend locking enabled with use_lockfile = true. |
Requires all relevant clients to support the configuration and IAM rights on the lock object, including delete permission. |
| DynamoDB locking | Legacy locking configuration for the S3 backend. | HashiCorp documents it as deprecated; the reviewed documentation does not state an exact removal release. |
| HCP Terraform | HashiCorp describes a managed option with state storage, locking, remote execution, and collaboration features. | This is a broader service choice, not simply a drop-in change to the S3 backend configuration. See HCP Terraform documentation. |
HashiCorp tests the S3 backend against Amazon S3 and makes no guarantees for other S3-compatible providers. If you use a compatible service rather than Amazon S3, confirm its behavior and support expectations with that provider before relying on lockfile semantics.
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