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How SPF include: and redirect= differ
Both directives refer SPF evaluation to another domain, but they do different jobs. In an SPF record, mechanisms are evaluated in order. A matching include: counts as a match in the original record; if the included policy does not produce a match, evaluation continues through the original record. It does not copy or merge the referenced record’s text into yours.
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redirect= is a modifier used when none of the current record’s mechanisms match. It sends evaluation to the target domain’s SPF policy, which then supplies the policy result for the query. RFC 7208 describes redirect as a way to consolidate authorization and policy within one administrative domain. RFC 7208, Sections 5.2 and 6.1
| Decision point | include: |
redirect= |
|---|---|---|
| SPF role | Mechanism | Modifier |
| When it is evaluated | In order among the record’s mechanisms | After local mechanisms fail to match |
| What it does | Uses the referenced policy’s evaluated result as a match or non-match in the original record | Continues evaluation using the target record as the policy for the query |
| Typical administrative fit | Authorizing a separately administered sender or service while retaining your own policy | Sharing a complete policy among domains under common administrative control |
Effect of all |
Can be evaluated before an ending mechanism if it appears earlier | Ignored if the record contains any all mechanism |
| DNS lookup budget | Can trigger DNS queries, including nested evaluation | Can trigger DNS queries, including nested evaluation |
When to use each
Use include: for an external sender’s policy
Choose include: when you need to authorize a service controlled by another administrative organization and still want your domain’s own SPF record to determine the final result. The target policy is evaluated; it is not pasted into your record. For example, a structural pattern is:
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v=spf1 include:service.example -allThis illustration is not a live or tested record. Confirm that the target domain publishes the policy you expect and account for its nested DNS lookups before using it.
Use redirect= to share a complete policy you control
Choose redirect= when another domain under the same administrative authority should use a shared SPF policy after no local mechanism matches. A structural pattern is:
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v=spf1 redirect=_spf.example.comThis is also a syntax illustration, not a live or tested record. The target should be compatible with the domain being evaluated. RFC 7208 cautions that redirecting across administrative boundaries may not work reliably, particularly if the target uses sender-dependent macros.
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Does redirect= count toward SPF’s 10-DNS-lookup limit?
Yes. RFC 7208 limits the total number of DNS-query-causing terms to 10 for an SPF evaluation. The limit includes include, redirect, a, mx, ptr, and exists. If evaluation exceeds the limit, the result must be permerror. Count the full nested policy chain, not only the terms visible in your top-level record. RFC 7208, Section 4.6.4
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Five SPF mistakes to avoid
- Treating
include:as literal merging. The referenced record is evaluated. Its own-alldoes not automatically terminate evaluation of the caller’s record; a non-match from the include lets the caller continue. - Adding
alland expecting redirect fallback. Anallmechanism always matches, soredirect=is ignored whenever anallmechanism appears in the record, regardless of ordering. - Redirecting outside your administrative control without checking compatibility. RFC 7208 warns that this may not work reliably, especially when the target uses sender-dependent macros. For an independently administered sender,
include:is generally the more suitable pattern. - Ignoring nested DNS work. Both directives can lead to further SPF evaluation. Tally DNS-query-causing terms across the complete chain so the evaluation does not exceed the RFC’s limit of 10.
- Repeating or misplacing
redirect=. RFC 7208 says the modifier must not appear more than once; a duplicate causespermerror. The RFC also says it should appear last in the record.
Publish one SPF policy as a DNS TXT record
RFC 7208 specifies publishing SPF records as DNS TXT records. It recommends ending processing explicitly with an all mechanism or redirect=. If neither is present and no mechanism matches, the result is neutral rather than an explicit final policy. Review the complete record and its referenced policies before changing DNS.
In RFC 7208 §5.2, author Scott Kitterman notes: “In hindsight, the name "include" was poorly chosen.” That is a useful reminder that include: evaluates another policy; it does not literally insert that policy into yours.
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