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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteUsually, no. The FBI and other U.S. agencies discourage paying because payment cannot guarantee data recovery or prevent further extortion, and it can fund or encourage criminal activity. An active incident still calls for a case-specific decision: prioritize people and essential services, bring in qualified incident responders and legal counsel, and assess recovery options and legal exposure before considering any transfer.
What payment can—and cannot—do
It does not guarantee your files will be returned
The FBI says paying does not guarantee that a victim will get data back. Attackers may fail to provide a working decryption key, and some victims face additional demands. The FBI’s position is that it does not support paying a ransom; a joint FBI, CISA, and Australian cyber agency advisory likewise says payment does not guarantee file recovery.
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A decryptor is not the same as a safe recovery
Even if a tool restores access to encrypted files, that does not establish that the attacker has been removed from the network, that systems are safe to use, or that stolen information has been deleted. Treat claims of confidentiality or secure restoration as unverified unless qualified responders independently assess them.
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Payment may create broader harm
U.S. agencies warn that paying can fund illicit activity, encourage criminal actors, and embolden further attacks. It can also leave a victim exposed to repeat extortion. These risks are separate from whether a particular attacker delivers a decryption tool.
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How to assess the decision in your incident
Do not compare the demand with the cost of restoring files alone. Evaluate operational, safety, technical, legal, and longer-term consequences with your response team and counsel.
| Factor | Questions to answer | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| People and essential services | Could the outage endanger people or interrupt critical operations? What continuity measures can reduce that risk? | Safety and essential services need immediate attention; paying should not be assumed to be the fastest or safest way to restore them. |
| Recovery options | Are verified, clean, offline backups available? Can systems be rebuilt or restored, and how long will that take? | Backups and restoration options affect the practical alternatives to payment. CISA warns that ransomware can target backups that remain accessible. |
| Data exposure | Is there evidence that information was taken, or is encryption the only known impact? | Payment cannot guarantee that stolen information will be deleted or kept private. |
| Technical trust | Has the malware variant been identified? Can responders assess a proposed decryptor and validate restored systems? | An attacker’s promise is not independent evidence that a tool works or that the environment is safe. |
| Legal and contractual constraints | Could sanctions, privacy or breach-notification rules, sector requirements, contracts, or insurance terms apply? | Applicable obligations depend on the facts, location, data, sector, and counterparties; qualified counsel should assess them. |
| Time and total cost | What are the likely costs and timelines for response, rebuilding, continuity, and recovery compared with the uncertain result of payment? | The demand is only one part of an incident’s cost; payment does not remove the need for response and recovery work. |
| Future harm | Could paying make this victim a target for another demand, and what wider effects could the payment have? | Consider the risk of repeat extortion as well as the incentive effects described by U.S. agencies. |
There is no universal recovery percentage in the official guidance cited here, and no general figure can predict whether a specific attacker will keep a promise. A response team can assess backups, rebuilding, and technical options; it cannot make an attacker honor an agreement.
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What to do first during an active attack
- Address immediate safety and continuity. Escalate any risk to people or essential operations, and activate the organization’s incident-response and continuity plans.
- Limit spread, with responder guidance. The FBI advises disconnecting a suspected infected device from the internet and network to try to prevent spread. Follow your incident plan and qualified responders’ directions; shutting systems down carelessly or mishandling them can interfere with forensic work.
- Preserve evidence. Keep ransom notes and relevant incident evidence. Avoid altering affected systems or taking investigative steps without direction from the response team.
- Bring in the right people. Engage qualified incident responders and legal counsel. For an organization, coordinate as appropriate with IT teams, service providers, insurers, leadership, and communications staff.
- Assess containment and recovery. Determine whether the attacker may still have access, whether clean offline backups exist, and whether restoration can be validated safely.
- Do not negotiate or transfer funds alone. Avoid communicating with an attacker or sending money without specialist and legal involvement.
Reporting, sanctions, and legal exposure
Report the incident whether or not payment is being considered. CISA’s response guidance and the FBI’s ransomware guidance point U.S. victims to CISA, an FBI field office, the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3), or the U.S. Secret Service. Outside the United States, contact the national cyber incident reporting authority and law enforcement.
Before any contemplated transfer, ask counsel to assess sanctions exposure. The U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) warns that ransomware payments can create sanctions risk when a sanctioned person or other sanctions nexus is involved. This does not mean every ransomware payment is automatically illegal; the applicable rules depend on the circumstances, and sanctions designations and rules can change. Counsel should check current requirements and the facts of the proposed transaction.
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Legal duties may also depend on jurisdiction, sector, affected data, contracts, and insurer terms. This article is general information, not legal advice or a substitute for incident command.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Does the same advice apply to an individual?
The core uncertainty is the same for a person as for an organization: payment does not guarantee files will be restored or information kept private. Individuals should isolate an affected device as safely as possible, preserve the ransom note, and seek qualified technical and legal help where appropriate. If the incident involves immediate danger, sensitive data, or an essential service, escalate it to the relevant authorities and specialists rather than treating the demand as a simple purchase decision.
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