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Researchers have mapped 539 chemically distinct zones in adult mouse brains, revealing a layer of organization that conventional anatomical and gene-based maps do not fully capture. The study calls these lipid-defined clusters “lipizones.” They are not 539 newly discovered anatomical compartments—and the map is not a map of the human brain.
What are the 539 lipizones?
A lipizone is a cluster defined by the distribution and combination of lipids detected in brain tissue. Lipids are molecules that form cell membranes and also have roles in processes such as myelin formation and cellular signaling. In this study, the term describes a chemical territory in the mouse brain, not a newly named structure visible to the naked eye.
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The distinction matters because the headline phrase “539 unique compartments” can sound like researchers found 539 new anatomical parts. Instead, the study identified 539 patterns in a lipid map. Many partly correspond to already known brain regions and cell types, while some patterns also capture distal axon terminals. Lipids can mark related areas that are physically separated: EPFL professor Giovanni D’Angelo described them as “postal codes,” a metaphor for shared chemical identity rather than a literal addressing system.
How the mouse-brain map was made
In a study published in Nature on 23 September 2026, Luca Fusar Bassini and colleagues used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI–MSI) to measure lipid distributions in brain tissue. They analyzed 109 sections from 11 mice, mapping 172 lipids. The paper reports 26,874 peaks across 7.2 million pixels; these figures describe the study’s measurements and data volume, not a count of brain structures or an estimate of human anatomy.
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Computational analysis grouped spatial lipid patterns into clusters, and the researchers aligned the measurements with the Allen Brain Atlas Common Coordinate Framework to assemble a three-dimensional mouse-brain atlas. The paper, “The lipidomic architecture of the mouse brain,” appears in Nature, volume 658, pages 205–217 (DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-11050-0). Read the paper in Nature.
What the map revealed
White matter is chemically varied
White matter—the tissue through which many long-range nerve fibers travel—appeared as a patchwork of chemically distinct territories rather than one uniform zone. That adds information beyond what gene-based maps alone convey. As study author Luca Fusar Bassini put it in EPFL’s summary, “This shows that the cells which make myelin are far more varied in their chemistry than their genes alone would suggest.” The finding indicates chemical diversity; it does not establish that a particular lipid pattern causes a disease or produces a specific behavior.
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Other structures also showed lipid zonation
The researchers reported biochemical zones in the choroid plexus, which helps produce and regulate cerebrospinal fluid, and along ventricular walls. The map also identified lipid patterns associated with areas that are connected through distant axon terminals, extending the view beyond simple neighboring tissue boundaries.
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In pregnant mice, lipid distributions shifted across brain regions. The study describes white-matter metabolic activation and lipizone-specific remodeling in the cortex, especially in layer 4. EPFL’s summary also reports increased galactosyl ceramide across much of the white matter. Study author Gioele La Manno said, “Together, these shifts suggest the brain retunes its own wiring to meet the demands of pregnancy.” This is an interpretation of observations in mice, not proof of the same changes in human pregnancy.
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What this means—and what it does not
The atlas gives researchers a chemical layer to use alongside maps of anatomy, gene expression, cell types, and connections. It could help future studies ask how lipid organization relates to brain development, normal physiology, or pathology. The study itself does not demonstrate a diagnostic test, treatment, or clinical benefit.
Its scope is specifically adult mouse brains, with pregnancy-related observations also made in mice. The 539 lipizones should not be counted as 539 new human brain regions, and the mouse map cannot simply be transferred to people. Fusar Bassini told EPFL: “What transfers to humans isn’t the map, it’s the method, and the fact that we now know that a healthy brain has a very organized lipid map at all.”
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How researchers can use the atlas
EPFL says the atlas is freely available online as a research resource. Its value is as a reference for studying where lipids occur and how their distributions relate to other biological maps—not as a consumer tool or a clinical guide. EPFL’s overview of the study and atlas.
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