Use useState for the choices a person makes—such as a search query, selected category, sort order, or page number. For a modest client-side list, calculate the filtered, sorted, and paginated rows from those choices while rendering instead of keeping a second copy of the results in state. That avoids having to keep two versions of the same data synchronized.
What belongs in state—and what should be calculated?
React recommends keeping state minimal: if a value can be calculated from props or existing state during rendering, it usually does not need its own state variable. Its state-structure guidance warns against redundant state, and its Thinking in React example stores the search query and selected filter while calculating the filtered products.
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For a list view, the distinction is between the inputs and the result. Keep the source data where it belongs, and keep the user’s current choices. Derive the rows shown on screen from those values.
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- Derived values: matching rows, sorted rows, page count, and the slice displayed on the current page.
Storing both the controls and a filtered array that can be recomputed from them creates a synchronization obligation: every relevant change must update both. Calculate the result instead, unless it represents independently changing data.
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How do you filter and paginate without storing the results?
Apply the transformations in order: filter the source collection, sort the matches, then select the requested page. The following example keeps the query, category, and page as state, while the result arrays and count are render-time calculations.
const [query, setQuery] = useState("");
const [category, setCategory] = useState("all");
const [page, setPage] = useState(1);
const pageSize = 20;
const normalizedQuery = query.trim().toLowerCase();
const filteredItems = items.filter(item => {
const matchesQuery = item.name.toLowerCase().includes(normalizedQuery);
const matchesCategory = category === "all" || item.category === category;
return matchesQuery && matchesCategory;
});
const sortedItems = [...filteredItems].sort((a, b) =>
a.name.localeCompare(b.name)
);
const pageCount = Math.ceil(sortedItems.length / pageSize);
const safePage = Math.min(page, Math.max(1, pageCount));
const visibleItems = sortedItems.slice(
(safePage - 1) * pageSize,
safePage * pageSize
);Render visibleItems and use safePage for pagination controls. The spread before sort() matters: sorting a copied array avoids mutating the filtered array or the original source collection. If the list is empty, pageCount is zero and safePage becomes 1; render an empty state and disable or omit page navigation rather than implying there are results.
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Keep the page valid when the controls change
When a new query or filter should start from the first page, reset the page as part of the same user interaction:
function handleQueryChange(event) {
setQuery(event.target.value);
setPage(1);
}
function handleCategoryChange(event) {
setCategory(event.target.value);
setPage(1);
}Resetting on a control change is a design choice; clamping with safePage also protects against the result count shrinking after data changes. Without one of these safeguards, the selected page can lie beyond the new result set and make a nonempty list appear empty.
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Should search, filters, and pagination live in the URL?
Use URL search parameters for view choices that should survive refresh, be shareable, or participate in browser history. Keep them in component state when they are temporary and only need to last for the current view. A common hybrid is a local input draft that updates on every keystroke, with the URL value committed on submit or through a deliberate debounce strategy.
| Where the value lives | Useful when | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Component state | The choice is temporary and local to the current view. | It does not, by itself, survive a refresh or provide a shareable link. |
| URL search parameters | The view should be bookmarkable, shareable, refresh-safe, or restorable through browser history. | Updating parameters with React Router navigates, so choose when and how often to commit changes. |
| Server request driven by URL values | The collection is large or server-owned, and the server should return the matching page or results. | The right split depends on the app’s data ownership and request architecture. |
React Router’s useSearchParams reference documents reading and setting query parameters; the setter causes navigation. Its state-management guide and Address Book tutorial show URL-driven search, including a GET form and loader-based filtering. A GET form is a straightforward option when submitting the search should navigate to a URL containing the form values.
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Update search parameters deliberately
For React Router versions whose API reference imports from react-router, a basic pattern is:
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import { useSearchParams } from "react-router";
function ItemSearch() {
const [searchParams, setSearchParams] = useSearchParams();
const query = searchParams.get("q") ?? "";
function submitSearch(event) {
event.preventDefault();
const formData = new FormData(event.currentTarget);
const nextParams = new URLSearchParams(searchParams);
const nextQuery = String(formData.get("q") ?? "").trim();
if (nextQuery) {
nextParams.set("q", nextQuery);
} else {
nextParams.delete("q");
}
nextParams.delete("page");
setSearchParams(nextParams);
}
return (
<form onSubmit={submitSearch}>
<input name="q" defaultValue={query} />
<button type="submit">Search</button>
</form>
);
}Check the import path and API for the React Router major version used by your application. The current reference notes two important differences from React state setters: callback-form updates do not queue and build on each other like React’s state updates, and the returned URLSearchParams object is mutable. Do not mutate that object and expect the URL to update; create a copy and pass it to the setter. When multiple parameter edits depend on one another, perform them together in a single update.
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Because URL updates navigate, submitting a search can preserve a useful boundary between a draft and the committed view. The address book example also demonstrates normal browser navigation through earlier searches. For a controlled draft that must respond when the URL changes through browser Back or Forward, synchronize it intentionally with the committed URL value; avoid adding an effect that mirrors values without a defined synchronization need.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.When is useMemo useful for list calculations?
useMemo is an optimization, not a substitute for state and not a correctness requirement. React describes it as caching a calculation’s result between renders. It does not make the first calculation faster, and React recommends using it only for specific situations, such as an observed expensive calculation or when stable identity helps a memoized child. See the useMemo reference.
Start with ordinary filtering, sorting, and slicing during render. If profiling shows that a transform is expensive, or that a changed array identity is causing a memoized consumer to do avoidable work, memoize the calculation using every reactive input it depends on. Do not add it automatically to make derived data correct; the calculation should produce the right output without a cache.
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Where should filtering and pagination happen for large data?
Client-side derivation is a natural fit when the component owns a modest collection that is already available locally. For large or server-owned collections, requesting a filtered and paginated slice from the server may fit better than downloading and processing the entire collection in the browser. React Router’s loader example illustrates URL-driven data loading, but the division of work depends on the application’s data architecture.
Whichever side performs the work, keep the roles clear: query, filters, sort choice, and page are inputs; the rows and page count are results of those inputs and the current data. Persist the inputs where their intended lifetime belongs, and avoid a separately synchronized result copy unless it has an independent source of change.
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