First contain the incident; don’t start by running a decryptor. Isolate affected systems, preserve evidence, and identify the ransomware family with trusted help. Then check whether a reputable decryptor specifically matches it and compare that route with restoring clean backups. Bring in an experienced incident-response professional when the scope is unclear, several systems or critical operations are affected, data theft is suspected, or your team cannot safely coordinate recovery.
What to do first
- Contain the incident. Follow your organization’s incident-response plan and isolate affected systems to limit further spread. Avoid actions that could destroy useful evidence. The CISA #StopRansomware Guide recommends isolating impacted systems and preserving relevant evidence.
- Preserve evidence and involve the right people. Record what is known, retain relevant logs and other evidence, and coordinate with your security team, legal counsel, insurer, and appropriate authorities. CISA advises consulting law enforcement about possible decryptors; the appropriate reporting and legal steps depend on your jurisdiction and circumstances.
- Identify the ransomware family and variant. A decryptor is useful only if it is intended for the ransomware involved. Ask a qualified responder to help if the identification is uncertain.
- Check a trusted repository and compare recovery paths. Search the No More Ransom decryption tools page for a tool matching the identified ransomware, then weigh it against clean, offline backups and the operational impact of each option.
- Validate the environment before returning to normal operations. Decryption or restoration does not establish that the attacker has been removed or that the original entry point is fixed.
What each recovery option can—and cannot—do
A matching decryptor
A decryptor may restore access to files encrypted by a specific ransomware family or variant. It is not a universal solution: No More Ransom warns, “At the moment, not every type of ransomware has a solution,” and says its repository may gain tools as keys and applications become available. Check the repository during the incident rather than assuming that a tool exists—or that an old listing still applies.
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Use only a tool from a reputable source that explicitly matches the identified ransomware. Do not download an unverified decryptor or run one across production systems without validating its applicability and safety with qualified help. A tool that is irrelevant or unsuitable can consume time and complicate recovery.
Professional incident-response help
An experienced incident-response firm can help assess what happened, determine the scope, preserve evidence, evaluate recovery options, and coordinate technical work. That expertise can be especially valuable when internal staff cannot tell whether the attacker still has access or whether the incident involves multiple systems or possible data theft. Hiring a professional is not a guarantee that encrypted files can be decrypted; the available guidance supports expert assessment and response, not a guaranteed recovery outcome.
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If your organization has cyber insurance, review its reporting provisions and contact the insurer as required by the policy. Coordinate external technical help with your insurer and legal advisers where appropriate.
Restoring from clean backups
Backups may offer a faster or more predictable path when they are available, clean, and recent enough for the organization’s needs. The UK Counter Ransomware Initiative guidance says: “If a victim organisation has access to both backups and a decryptor, it may prove quicker to use backups.” That guidance is for organizations and is non-binding; the right choice depends on the actual backup condition, expected data loss, and recovery time.
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How to choose between them
| Consideration | Decryptor | Professional response | Backup restoration |
|---|---|---|---|
| When it is a plausible option | A trusted source identifies a tool intended for the ransomware family and variant involved. The repository does not cover every ransomware type. | The scope, access path, or recovery plan is uncertain; multiple systems or critical operations are involved; or the organization needs help coordinating response. | Clean, offline backups exist and can meet the organization’s recovery needs. |
| Primary role | May restore access to encrypted files. | Supports technical assessment, evidence preservation, decision-making, and coordination; it does not guarantee decryption. | Restores data from a prior copy, subject to its condition and age. |
| Key limitation | Not universal and does not itself remove an attacker or resolve possible data theft. | Does not by itself promise that files can be decrypted or that a particular recovery outcome is possible. | May leave a gap between the last usable backup and the incident; restored systems still need security validation. |
The table is a decision aid, not a claim about comparative success rates, prices, or typical recovery times. The cited guidance does not establish those figures across decryptors and professional services.
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- The ransomware family and variant have been identified with reasonable confidence.
- A trusted repository lists a tool explicitly intended for that ransomware.
- Your team can validate and use the tool safely, ideally with qualified technical support.
- You have already contained the incident and considered clean backups.
Escalate to professional responders when
- You cannot determine which systems are affected or whether access is ongoing.
- Business-critical systems, several devices, or essential services are affected.
- Evidence needs to be preserved while technical recovery proceeds.
- Data theft is suspected, or legal, customer, employee, insurer, or regulatory obligations may apply.
- Your team lacks the capacity or expertise to assess and coordinate recovery safely.
Keep file recovery separate from incident recovery
There are three distinct outcomes to manage: restoring access to files, containing and removing the attacker, and assessing possible data exfiltration. A decryptor may help with the first; it does not prove the other two are resolved. Likewise, restoring a backup does not establish that the environment is secure.
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Before resuming normal operations, investigate and remediate the cause of compromise, check that affected systems are safe to restore, and assess whether information was accessed or taken. UK guidance warns that attackers may not delete exfiltrated data and that a victim may have no way to verify deletion. Paying for or obtaining a decryption key cannot establish that stolen data is gone.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Reporting and legal considerations
Reporting obligations, breach assessments, insurance conditions, and restrictions on payments or other actions vary by jurisdiction and incident. The UK Counter Ransomware Initiative’s guidance, published October 2, 2024, is expressly non-binding and does not override applicable laws or regulations. Consult local legal advisers and relevant authorities, and follow your organization’s incident plan. CISA’s guide, revised October 19, 2023, recommends preserving evidence and consulting law enforcement about possible decryptors.
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Sources and scope
- CISA, MS-ISAC, FBI, and NSA, #StopRansomware Guide (revision dated October 19, 2023).
- No More Ransom, Decryption Tools (repository accessed October 9, 2026; its inventory is dynamic).
- UK Home Office / Counter Ransomware Initiative, guidance for organisations during ransomware incidents (published October 2, 2024).
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Ransomware Protection and Response (updated June 11, 2026).
This guidance is for decision-making, not a substitute for an organization’s approved incident plan or jurisdiction-specific legal advice.
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