An object-storage access review must establish both what resources are in scope and which people, services, or public audiences can reach them. A bucket or container inventory alone cannot prove who has access. Build the review from a dated resource snapshot, the relevant permission sources, activity logs configured for the data, and a recorded decision for every exception.
What an object-storage access review should prove
A defensible review connects three kinds of evidence:
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- Coverage: which accounts or projects, regions, storage accounts, buckets, and containers were included, and who owns them.
- Permissions: which policies, role assignments, access-control lists, conditions, or alternate authorization methods can grant access.
- Activity: what requests were recorded during the period, and whether the required data-access logging was enabled for the reviewed scope.
These answer different questions. A permission snapshot shows what the reviewed configuration grants; logs show activity that was recorded. Neither an inventory report nor a quiet log, by itself, proves that no one can access the data.
How the provider-native evidence compares
| Provider | Population evidence | Permission evidence | Activity evidence | Important scope or timing point |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AWS | S3 Inventory lists objects and metadata, such as size, last-modified time, and encryption status, on a daily or weekly schedule. | IAM Access Analyzer for S3 reports public and cross-account access for general purpose buckets, including the sharing source, access level, and external principal. Findings can be exported as CSV. | CloudTrail data events can capture selected object-level operations. S3 server access logs provide detailed request records. | The External access summary refreshes every 24 hours and requires a per-Region, account-level analyzer; it is not an organization-wide analyzer summary. Some findings can take up to six hours to reflect certain changes. |
| Microsoft Azure | Azure Blob inventory lists containers, blobs, versions, snapshots, and properties in daily or weekly CSV or Parquet reports. | Review data-plane role assignments at assigned and inherited scopes, along with applicable ABAC conditions and alternate authorization methods such as account keys or SAS. | Not established by the reviewed Azure documentation for this comparison. | Role assignments are additive. A review limited to RBAC assignments can miss access paths available through account keys or SAS. |
| Google Cloud | Not established by the reviewed Google Cloud source for this comparison. | Review IAM principals and roles, and define which resources and levels the review covers. The reviewed documentation does not establish a unified public-access review dashboard equivalent to AWS Access Analyzer for S3. | Cloud Audit Logs include Admin Activity and Data Access categories: ADMIN_READ, DATA_READ, and DATA_WRITE. Data Access logging must be enabled explicitly. | Without enabled data-access logging for the relevant scope, an absence of logged activity is not evidence that no access occurred. |
Inventory schedules and analyzer behavior above are documented service behavior, not proof that a particular organization has enabled, covered, or retained the corresponding evidence. The official documentation reviewed for this article was accessed October 5, 2026.
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Step 1: Define the review population
Start by listing the accounts or projects, regions, storage accounts, buckets, and containers in scope. Assign an accountable business or data owner to each resource, and record the snapshot date. Define exclusions explicitly—for example, an unreviewed account or region—rather than allowing them to disappear from the evidence trail.
Use provider inventory capabilities to make the population repeatable, but label what each report actually inventories. AWS S3 Inventory and Azure Blob inventory report objects or container contents and properties; they do not, on their own, establish effective permissions. A resource inventory is therefore the starting population, not the access decision.
Step 2: Trace the permission paths
AWS S3
For general purpose buckets, use IAM Access Analyzer for S3 to identify public and cross-account findings, then inspect the sharing source listed for each finding. Sources can include a bucket policy, bucket ACL, Multi-Region Access Point policy, or access-point policy. Record the external principal and the reported capability, such as list, read, write, permissions, or tagging.
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Record which accounts and Regions have analyzers. The External access summary requires a per-Region account-level analyzer; it is not an organization-wide summary. AWS also documents limits around cross-account access point policies outside an account’s zone of trust, so do not treat the findings list as a complete inventory of every possible access path.
Azure Blob Storage
Evaluate data-plane role assignments at the scope where they are granted and include inherited assignments. Because assignments are additive, inspect the full applicable scope rather than looking only at a container or storage account in isolation. Check ABAC conditions, which can use attributes of the principal, resource, request, and environment.
Also investigate whether account keys or SAS provide alternate authorization paths. RBAC alone may not describe all access available. Microsoft recommends assigning data-plane roles at the smallest reasonable scope and limiting SAS permissions and lifetime.
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Review IAM principals and roles, and state which resource levels are included. Do not infer a public-access finding from the reviewed Google Cloud audit-log documentation: it explains audit evidence, not a unified public-access review dashboard comparable to AWS Access Analyzer for S3.
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Choose a review period, then verify that the relevant data-access logging was configured before using activity records to assess that period. Logging configuration is part of the evidence, not an assumption.
- AWS: CloudTrail data events can record selected S3 object-level API activity, including GetObject, DeleteObject, and PutObject. S3 server access logs can provide detailed request records. S3 Inventory is scheduled object metadata, not a request log.
- Google Cloud: Cloud Audit Logs help answer who did what, where, and when. Cloud Storage logs include Admin Activity for configuration or metadata changes and Data Access categories ADMIN_READ, DATA_READ, and DATA_WRITE. Data Access logs must be explicitly enabled.
State the covered services, resources, event categories, and time range in the review record. If logging was not enabled for a relevant period or scope, mark activity evidence as unavailable for that portion; do not interpret an empty log as proof of no access.
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Step 4: Decide what to do with each finding
For each public, cross-account, or otherwise unexpected grant, identify the owner and confirm whether the access is still needed. Public access can be legitimate, but it should have a documented use case rather than being treated as acceptable simply because it was found.
- Confirm the resource, principal or audience, permission source, and granted capability.
- Ask the accountable owner to verify the business purpose and required scope.
- Remove or narrow access that is not needed, and record the remediation and responsible person.
- If access is intentionally public or shared, document the purpose, approved scope, decision-maker, review date, and next review date.
- Assign a follow-up owner and date for unresolved items.
AWS supports archiving a reviewed Access Analyzer finding to record intended public or cross-account sharing and reactivating it for a later review. Before blocking public access, AWS advises checking that applications continue to work without it.
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Keep the materials together so another reviewer can reconstruct what was assessed and what decision was made:
- Dated resource inventory and the accounts, projects, and regions in scope.
- Findings export or policy and role-configuration snapshots, with the relevant principals and permission sources.
- Logging configuration, event categories, covered resources, and the activity period examined.
- Reviewer decisions, business-owner approvals, exceptions, and remediation records.
- Known blind spots, excluded resources, responsible follow-up owners, and the next review date.
AWS Access Analyzer can export bucket findings as CSV for audit use. Record when the export was taken: AWS documents that some findings can take up to six hours to reflect certain configuration changes, while ordinary bucket policy or ACL changes are reflected within 30 minutes. These timings matter when a review is close to a change or remediation.
Retention periods and compliance obligations depend on the organization’s jurisdiction, contracts, data classification, and control framework; provider documentation does not set one universal retention period for an access-review evidence package.
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