For apps targeting Android 17’s API level 37 or higher, certificate transparency (CT) is enabled by default—but that does not mean every app connection is automatically checked. Network Security Configuration and the trust anchors used for a connection affect whether CT verification applies. Audit those settings, then test the app’s real network flows on Android 17.
What changes when your app targets Android 17?
Android 17 uses API level 37. The platform enables CT by default for apps targeting API 37 or higher; on Android 16, CT was available but apps had to opt in. The target-SDK setting matters, so distinguish changes gated on targeting Android 17 from changes that apply to apps running on Android 17 regardless of target. Google maintains separate behavior-change documentation for those scopes.
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CT checks whether publicly trusted certificates have been logged in public certificate-transparency logs. It is not a blanket guarantee that every connection made by every app is subject to verification: the app’s trust configuration and the certificate chain in use matter.
Audit trust anchors and Network Security Configuration
Start by mapping the app’s TLS traffic and the trust model behind it. Review built-in networking code, third-party TLS libraries, certificate pinning, custom trust managers, debug-only trust anchors, user-installed roots, and private or enterprise certificate authorities. Validate third-party stacks separately; Android’s documented Network Security Configuration behavior is not a universal migration recipe for every TLS implementation.
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In the app’s Network Security Configuration XML, inspect each <domain-config> and its inherited <base-config>. Android documents an optional <certificateTransparency enabled="true"/> element. Its evaluation order considers explicit CT enablement first, then user or inline trust anchors, then inherited configuration.
Android’s documentation says CT verification is disabled by default for connections using an app’s own certificate or the user certificate store, since those certificates are unlikely to be publicly logged. User or inline trust anchors disable CT verification unless it is explicitly enabled in the applicable domain configuration. Do not assume that every custom certificate fails—or that every connection is checked. Determine which configuration and trust anchors apply to each connection before changing policy.
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Test the app’s real flows on Android 17
Google’s guidance is to install the app on an Android 17 device or emulator and exercise its flows. The Android Emulator, included with Android Studio, simulates devices and API levels; a physical phone is optional for many test cases. Use a physical device when a flow depends on hardware or vendor-specific behavior, or when you need real-hardware validation.
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For both options, work through the same app scenarios and record failures. Include sign-in, API calls, update checks, embedded web content, and any enterprise or private-certificate paths the app supports. When a connection fails, investigate whether the cause is certificate validation or an unrelated network error; the cited Android guidance recommends exercising app flows but does not specify a dedicated CT test harness.
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- Confirm whether the release will target API 37 or higher.
- Inventory TLS clients, endpoints, pinning, custom trust managers, Network Security Configuration, and any private or user-installed trust anchors.
- Install the app on an Android 17 API 37 emulator or device and exercise the relevant flows.
- Correct the app’s trust or networking configuration where needed, then rerun the same scenarios.
- Review Android 17’s complete behavior-change documentation for other changes that affect the app.
Check other Android 17 behavior changes
Targeting API 37 can bring app-specific changes beyond CT. Check the official behavior-change lists for the target-SDK and runtime scopes that apply to your app. In particular, assess:
- Local-network access: Android 17 introduces the
ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORKruntime permission. Where appropriate, system-mediated privacy-preserving pickers may avoid a broad permission prompt. - Native dynamic loading: Native files loaded with
System.load()must be read-only; otherwise, the system can throwUnsatisfiedLinkError. - Large screens: Review the changes to resizability behavior against the app’s supported layouts.
- Background audio: Check the applicable foreground-service and while-in-use requirements.
App testing is not CTS certification
The Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) is for checking Android device implementations, not for certifying an ordinary app or substituting for testing its TLS behavior. AOSP describes CTS as a free suite with automated tests and manual tests through CTS Verifier. App-flow testing, by contrast, checks how your own product behaves on Android 17. A CTS device-performance requirement is not evidence about CT behavior or the likelihood that apps will fail.
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