A 2010 comparison found that most entries in its selected set of seven kaomoji dictionaries were distinct after duplicate strings were removed. The CAO paper reports 11,416 extracted emoticons and 10,137 unique strings. That does not mean the researchers merged every entry on all seven sites or measured how much each pair of collections overlapped.
What the seven-collection comparison found
The study examined one-line Japanese emoticons known as kaomoji, not rotated Western emoticons or multiline ASCII art. The researchers gathered entries from seven online dictionaries, selected categories suggesting emotional content, and reconciled the differing category labels using a shared Japanese emotion classification. They then removed duplicate strings from the selected corpus.
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In CAO: A Fully Automatic Emoticon Analysis System Based on Theory of Kinesics, the authors report that 11,416 emoticons were extracted and 10,137 remained unique after filtering. The paper describes that as 89 percent unique.
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Which dictionaries were included?
The paper identifies these seven historical sources: Face-mark Party, Kaomojiya, Kaomoji-toshokan, Kaomoji-café, Kaomoji Paradise, Kaomojisyo, and Kaomoji Station. They were online dictionaries when the researchers collected their material. The study does not establish whether those sites are still available or whether their current contents match the historical collections.
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Does “barely overlap” describe the result?
It is a reasonable shorthand for the high share of unique strings in the study’s selected corpus, but it is not a measured pair-by-pair result. The papers do not provide a complete overlap matrix showing how many entries each dictionary shared with every other dictionary. Nor do they establish that every category or item on every site was included.
So the finding is narrower than a claim that the seven complete collections barely overlap: after filtering the emotionally categorized entries gathered for the study, roughly nine in ten strings were unique according to the CAO paper’s reported figures.
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Why do the papers give different unique counts?
The related 2010 conference paper, Development of Emoticon Database for Affect Analysis in Japanese, reports 10,157 unique emoticons from the same 11,416 extracted entries, or 89 percent. That is 20 more unique entries than the CAO paper reports. The available papers do not explain the discrepancy, so the figures should be kept attributed to their respective papers rather than combined or treated as interchangeable.
What else did the analysis count?
The CAO paper also examined kaomoji components such as eyes, mouth, borders, and additional areas. Its reported component totals describe parts of emoticons, not additional whole faces:
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The paper reports the most frequent emotion categories, in order, as joy, fondness, anger, surprise, gloom, and excitement. It also says that more than one-third of entries annotated as joy were repeated, without giving a more precise percentage. That observation offers context for duplication within a popular category, but does not supply per-dictionary overlap figures.
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How to read the result
- It is a historical corpus result: the papers describe collections gathered in 2010, not a current scrape.
- It covers selected emotional categories: the researchers harmonized categories they considered emotional rather than comparing every item in every category.
- “Unique” means distinct strings after filtering: it does not show how original or semantically different each face is.
- It does not rank the dictionaries: the reported totals do not establish each site’s contribution or how much any two sites shared.
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