Start with one Java test that runs from your build tool and, when the behavior depends on a browser, opens a browser, checks a visible result, and closes the session. Java test automation can mean unit tests, service or API tests, or browser UI tests; Selenium is for the browser layer, not a replacement for a test framework or build tool.
Choose the layer you need to test
- Unit tests: Check Java logic without starting a browser. Use a test framework such as JUnit Jupiter.
- Service or API tests: Exercise application interfaces without driving a browser. Choose an appropriate Java testing library for the service and keep the test in your project’s build.
- Browser UI tests: Use Selenium WebDriver when the behavior depends on browser interactions, such as entering data into a form and verifying the page response.
Browser tests require additional setup because WebDriver controls a browser through a browser-specific driver implementation. Selenium’s documentation says, “Selenium supports automation of all the major browsers in the market through the use of WebDriver.” Selenium’s installation guide explains the Java bindings and setup. You do not need Selenium for every Java test.
Understand the parts of a Java browser-test stack
- Build tool: Maven or Gradle declares dependencies and runs tests, helping make execution reproducible from a command line or CI.
- Test framework: JUnit or TestNG organizes test cases, lifecycle hooks, and assertions.
- Selenium Java bindings: The library your Java test uses to issue WebDriver commands.
- Browser and driver implementation: The browser you want to exercise and its WebDriver implementation. Check Selenium’s current setup and language requirements when selecting versions.
Selenium controls the browser; it does not itself supply the test runner. JUnit or TestNG provides test organization and assertions, while Maven or Gradle manages and runs the project’s tests. For a new JUnit example, Jupiter is the modern programming and extension model. JUnit Platform is its launch and engine infrastructure; Vintage supports running JUnit 3 and 4 tests on that platform. See the JUnit 5 User Guide.
Create a project using the build system your team has
Maven and Gradle are both valid choices. Match an existing project’s conventions when possible; for a new project, choose the build tool your team can maintain. IntelliJ IDEA’s Selenium workflow also presents Maven or Gradle and JUnit or TestNG choices, rather than prescribing one universal stack. IntelliJ IDEA’s Selenium documentation describes those setup options.
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Maven
Add Selenium Java and a test framework as dependencies in pom.xml. Selenium’s Java installation guide uses the org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-java artifact. Use the current version guidance on the official page rather than copying an old version number or treating an example compiler setting as a universal Java minimum.
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>REPLACE_WITH_CURRENT_SELENIUM_VERSION</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
<version>REPLACE_WITH_CURRENT_JUNIT_VERSION</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>The version labels above are instructions to select versions, not literal Maven versions. Consult the Selenium dependency setup and JUnit guide before pinning them. Use the Maven test command documented for the current Selenium example and project configuration; confirm the project’s Maven test setup if the command does not discover tests.
Gradle
Gradle’s Java testing support provides the test source set and task. Put tests in src/test/java, declare test dependencies in the build, and configure JUnit Platform when using JUnit Jupiter. The current guide documents both JUnit and TestNG integration; use one framework unless the project has a specific reason to combine them.
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dependencies {
testImplementation 'org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-java:REPLACE_WITH_CURRENT_SELENIUM_VERSION'
testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:REPLACE_WITH_CURRENT_JUNIT_VERSION'
}
test {
useJUnitPlatform()
}Replace the version labels with current versions, then run gradle test (or the project’s wrapper command, if it provides one). For configuration details, see Gradle’s Java testing guide.
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Write and run one browser test
This JUnit Jupiter example uses Selenium’s public web form demo. It opens the page, enters text, submits the form, checks the resulting heading, and quits the browser after each test. Place the class under src/test/java in a Gradle Java project configured as above. It assumes the selected browser is installed and Selenium can obtain or use the matching WebDriver implementation under the current installation setup.
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
class FirstBrowserTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@Test
void submitsTheExampleForm() {
driver = new ChromeDriver(new ChromeOptions());
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
driver.findElement(By.name("my-text")).sendKeys("Java test");
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button")).click();
String heading = driver.findElement(By.tagName("h1")).getText();
assertEquals(" form submission ".trim(), heading);
}
@AfterEach
void closeBrowser() {
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
}Run it using gradle test or the project’s Gradle wrapper. In an IDE, run the test method or class after importing the project and its dependencies. Selenium’s first-script walkthrough, last modified July 23, 2026, and test organization guide show the same core lifecycle: create a driver, navigate, interact, assert, and call quit() during teardown. The sample uses Chrome as an example; choose another supported browser by using its corresponding WebDriver setup.
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What the example demonstrates
driver.get(...)navigates to the page under test.findElement(...)locates elements using a name, CSS selector, or tag name.sendKeys(...)andclick()perform browser interactions.- A JUnit assertion checks an observable page outcome instead of merely checking that no exception occurred.
@AfterEachanddriver.quit()close the session even when the test fails.
Keep the first test reliable and appropriately small
- Use browser automation only for behavior that needs a browser; verify ordinary Java logic with faster, simpler tests that do not start one.
- Keep dependencies in Maven or Gradle files so another developer or CI can reproduce the setup.
- Use stable locators tied to the page’s intended controls. If a selector stops matching after a page change, update the locator to reflect the current markup.
- Always quit the driver in a teardown hook. Otherwise, a failed test can leave a browser session running.
- Run locally and from the build tool before introducing parallel runs or a remote Selenium Grid. Selenium presents Grid as a scale-up path, not a prerequisite for a first test.
Troubleshoot common first-run failures
The test is not discovered or does not run
Check that the test is in the build tool’s test source set, that the chosen framework dependency is declared with the correct test scope or configuration, and that the build is configured for the framework. For Gradle with Jupiter, verify useJUnitPlatform() and run gradle test. Avoid obsolete plugin tutorials when the current Gradle guide documents the standard test task.
The browser does not start
Confirm the requested browser is installed and that the Selenium and browser-driver setup follows the current Selenium installation guidance. WebDriver uses a browser-specific implementation, so a Java dependency alone does not mean every browser is ready to launch. Check current language requirements as well; do not infer a minimum Java version from compiler settings in a sample project.
Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsAn element cannot be found or the assertion fails
Check that navigation reached the expected page, then verify the locator and expected visible result against the page’s current markup. A selector valid for a previous page version may no longer identify the intended element. Keep the initial test on a stable demo page while validating the project setup.
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A browser remains open after a failure
Ensure the driver is stored where the teardown hook can access it and that the hook calls quit() when it is non-null. Use quit() to close the WebDriver session rather than omitting cleanup after assertions.
Or skip the browser setup
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Frequently Asked Questions
Should I use JUnit or TestNG for a new Java test project?
Either is a supported choice in the documented Gradle and IntelliJ workflows. Pick the framework that fits the project’s conventions; the example here uses JUnit Jupiter.
Do I need Selenium to automate every Java test?
No. Selenium is appropriate when a test needs to drive a browser. Java logic and many service-level checks can be tested without browser automation.
Quick Recap
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