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The IPP job-creation model
RFC 8011 defines a Job Creation operation as any operation that creates a Job object. Its examples are Create-Job, Print-Job, and Print-URI. Validate-Job is not a creation operation: it evaluates whether a request would be accepted but does not create a Job or allocate Job resources.
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An IPP request is grouped by purpose. Operation attributes identify the protocol operation and its context; object attributes describe the target object or requested behavior; and a document-data section may carry the document itself. A Job contains zero or more Documents.
Operation attributes
Common operation attributes include the character set and natural language used for attribute values and the printer-uri identifying the destination Printer object. The exact required set depends on the operation, but a client must address the correct printer URI and provide the common operation context expected by IPP.
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Job Template attributes
Job Template attributes are client instructions for processing, such as media, sides, copies, finishing, resolution, or other device-specific choices. They can override printer defaults and, where the specification permits, instructions embedded in document data. A client should send only values advertised as supported for the target printer and document format.
Job Description attributes
Job Description attributes describe the Job rather than request its processing. The printer supplies or stores these attributes, including identifiers and status information such as job-id, job-uri, job-state, job-state-reasons, and size-related information where supported. Clients use them to monitor and control the created Job.
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Print-Job versus Create-Job
| Aspect | Print-Job | Create-Job |
|---|---|---|
| Document timing | Document data is sent in the creation request. | No document data or document reference is sent at creation; data follows in Send-Document or Send-URI. |
| RFC 8011 status | REQUIRED for a conforming IPP Printer. | RECOMMENDED, but a client must check that the target printer supports it. |
| Creation-request document attributes | Uses the document-related operation attributes required for the submitted data, such as document-name, document-format, compression, and document natural language when applicable. |
Omits document-name, document-format, compression, and document natural language from the Create-Job request. |
| Follow-up operation | None is needed to supply the initial document. | Send-Document is required after creation; Send-URI is used when that workflow and capability are supported. |
| Workflow | One request is convenient for a single document. | Supports staged submission and can support multiple documents, subject to advertised capabilities and the applicable timeout rules. |
When Print-Job is the right choice
Use Print-Job when the client already has the document and wants the printer to create and receive the Job in one transaction. A successful response returns identifying and state information, including the Job ID, Job URI, current state, and state reasons. Save these values for later polling, cancellation, or other job operations.
When Create-Job is the right choice
Use Create-Job when document transfer must be staged, when an application may add multiple documents, or when the client needs a Job object before all document data is available. The printer must support Send-Document if it supports Create-Job. If both Create-Job and Print-URI are supported, Send-URI support is required as well. Implementations must also account for the multiple-operation timeout and multiple-document requirements associated with Create-Job in RFC 8011.
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Attribute fidelity: strict requests versus acceptable substitution
The ipp-attribute-fidelity operation attribute lets a client state how strictly its Job Template choices must be honored.
Strict fidelity
With ipp-attribute-fidelity=true, the client requires the requested Job Template instructions to be honored. If an attribute is unsupported, has an unsupported value, or conflicts with another request, the printer is expected to reject the request rather than silently produce a different result. This mode is appropriate when an incorrect media size, color mode, finishing option, or other setting would make the output unusable.
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Non-strict fidelity
With ipp-attribute-fidelity=false, the printer may make a reasonable attempt. It can ignore unsupported instructions or substitute supported values. This improves the chance of producing output across heterogeneous devices, but the result may differ from the requested settings.
What the client should inspect
When attributes are unsupported or altered, inspect the response’s unsupported-attributes group where present. If the request succeeds but the effective settings matter, query the Job and compare the returned Job attributes with the original request. Do not assume that acceptance means every requested value was applied.
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Capability discovery before creating a Job
Interoperable clients discover capabilities instead of assuming that a named attribute or value exists on every printer. Use Get-Printer-Attributes for the target printer-uri, and query in the context of the document format being sent when relevant. The Printer response identifies supported Job Template attributes and their supported values; device-specific support remains implementation-dependent.
- Identify the target. Set the exact
printer-urifor the Printer object that will own the Job. - Discover operations and templates. Check whether Create-Job is supported and examine the printer’s supported Job Template attributes and values.
- Include document context. For format-sensitive capability queries, provide the document format that the application will submit.
- Select the operation. Choose Print-Job for inline document submission or Create-Job for staged submission. For Create-Job, verify the required follow-up operation is available.
- Choose fidelity. Set
ipp-attribute-fidelity=trueonly when substitutions are unacceptable; otherwise allow reasonable printer behavior. - Submit and validate. Parse the response, retain
job-idandjob-uri, inspect unsupported attributes, and query the Job when effective values must be confirmed.
Typical request handling
Print-Job sequence
- Send operation attributes such as charset, natural language, and
printer-uri. - Send the selected Job Template attributes, including
ipp-attribute-fidelitywhen needed. - Send the document data with its applicable document-related operation attributes.
- On success, store the returned Job Description attributes and begin monitoring the Job URI or ID.
Create-Job sequence
- Send the operation context and Job Template attributes, but no document data or document-related attributes listed for Create-Job.
- Record the returned Job identifiers and state.
- Send the document with Send-Document, or use Send-URI when that capability is supported.
- For additional documents, follow the printer’s advertised multiple-document behavior and timeout constraints.
Interoperability failure modes
- Assuming Create-Job exists: It is recommended, not required. Fall back to Print-Job when discovery shows it is unavailable and the workflow permits.
- Sending document attributes in Create-Job: Create-Job omits document-name, document-format, compression, and document natural language from its creation request. Supply document information with the subsequent document operation.
- Ignoring fidelity results: A non-strict request can succeed with a substituted value. Read unsupported attributes and query the Job when the actual setting matters.
- Skipping capability checks: Attribute names and values are not universally supported. Query the printer for the relevant document format before relying on them.
- Losing returned identifiers: Without
job-idorjob-uri, later status, cancellation, and recovery operations become difficult or impossible. - Treating Validate-Job as submission: Validation does not create a Job, reserve resources, or replace a real creation operation.
Specification context
The operation and attribute behavior described here is defined primarily by RFC 8011, “Internet Printing Protocol/1.1: Model and Semantics,” published by the RFC Editor and IETF in January 2017. Encoding and transport details are specified in RFC 8010, also published in January 2017. The distinction between Job Template instructions and Job Description state, and the required versus recommended operation status, should be read against the exact RFC revision implemented by the client and Printer.
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