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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesValidate a JWT’s aud claim against the recipient value your application expects, using the rules of the token’s applicable profile. The claim may be one case-sensitive string or an array of strings. Reject the token when the receiving application is not represented as an intended audience—or when its profile requires an audience and the claim is missing.
What the JWT audience claim means
RFC 7519 defines aud as the recipients for which a JWT is intended. Each principal that processes the token must find itself among those recipients; if the claim is present and the processor does not identify itself in it, the JWT must be rejected. See RFC 7519 §4.1.3.
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The general JWT format makes aud optional, but that does not make it optional for every deployment. The application contract or token profile may require it. RFC 8725 recommends that an issuer serving multiple relying parties or applications include an audience identifying the intended party, and that each recipient validate it and reject a missing or unassociated value. See RFC 8725 §3.9.
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- Identify the expected recipient. Get the expected audience value and its meaning from the issuer/application contract or the applicable token profile. RFC 7519 leaves interpretation application-specific: it is not necessarily a URL, client ID, or resource name.
- Read the claim’s permitted shape.
audcan be a single string or an array of strings. Treat audience strings as case-sensitive. - Apply the matching rule for the receiving application. Confirm that the expected recipient is represented according to the application’s contract and profile. Do not add normalization or equivalence rules unless that contract specifies them.
- Reject a token that fails the audience rule. Reject it if the expected recipient is not represented, or if the applicable profile requires
audand the claim is absent. Do not accept a token merely because its signature is valid: audience checking determines whether it was issued for this recipient.
How the rule differs across JWT and OAuth contexts
| Context | What aud identifies |
Rejection rule |
|---|---|---|
| Generic JWT (RFC 7519) | The intended recipient or recipients, interpreted according to the application. | If aud is present and the processing principal is not identified in it, reject the JWT. The general JWT format does not require the claim in every token. |
| JWT access token (RFC 9068) | A resource indicator for the resource server receiving the access token. | The resource server must reject the token unless aud contains a resource indicator for that server as a valid audience. See RFC 9068. |
| JWT assertion used for an OAuth authorization grant (RFC 7523) | The authorization server. The token endpoint URL may be used as the audience value. | The assertion’s aud must identify the authorization server. See RFC 7523. |
Why an invalid-audience error occurs
An invalid-audience error means the value presented by the token did not satisfy the recipient’s expected audience rule. Common causes include a token issued for a different application or resource server, a mismatch in case, an incorrect expected value in the application’s configuration, or an absent aud where the active profile requires it. Compare the token claim with the issuer’s documented value and the profile for this token type; do not fix the error by accepting any audience or by guessing a universal audience format.
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Audience validation is one part of JWT validation
An audience match alone does not establish that a JWT is trustworthy or otherwise valid. RFC 9068 separately requires resource servers to validate signatures of incoming JWT access tokens and specifies additional profile requirements. The audience check answers whether the token is intended for this recipient; it does not replace the other validation rules that apply to the token.
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