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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsTraefik can watch Docker, read labels attached to your containers, and create the required HTTP routers and backend services automatically. A reliable setup has four parts: a shared Docker network, published Traefik entrypoints, explicit routing labels, and—when you need HTTPS—an ACME certificate resolver with persistent storage. This guide builds that setup with Docker Compose, explains the security boundaries, and gives a dependency-ordered way to fix 404, 502, DNS, and certificate problems.
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What Traefik does in a Docker deployment
Traefik is a reverse proxy and edge router. Clients connect to Traefik on a public entrypoint such as port 80 or 443. Traefik then selects a router by matching the request’s Host header and sends the request to the Docker container and port associated with that router.
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Its Docker provider watches Docker events and inspects container labels. When a container starts, stops, or changes labels, Traefik can rebuild its configuration without you manually editing a proxy configuration file. The practical result is that routing follows the lifecycle of your Compose services.
A request such as https://app.example.com normally follows this path:
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- Public DNS resolves
app.example.comto the machine running Traefik. - The client reaches the host on TCP 443.
- Traefik accepts the connection on its
websecureentrypoint and terminates TLS. - A router matches
Host(`app.example.com`). - The router selects a service, and Traefik connects to the application’s internal Docker address and listening port.
Traefik does not require the application container to publish its port to the host. The proxy and application only need to share a Docker network, while Traefik publishes the public ports.
Requirements and design decisions
- A Docker Engine host with Docker Compose support.
- A DNS name for each application, resolving to the host that runs Traefik.
- Inbound access to the host’s published ports. Port 80 is needed for ordinary HTTP and for HTTP-01 certificate validation; port 443 is needed for HTTPS and TLS-ALPN-01 validation.
- A dedicated Docker network attached to Traefik and every application it routes.
- A persistent, writable location for ACME certificate data if Traefik will request certificates automatically.
- A deliberate policy for Docker API access. The Docker socket exposes a powerful control plane and must be treated as a security boundary.
Choose the Traefik major version before copying examples. The configuration below uses the current Traefik v3-style command and label names; verify syntax against the reference for the exact image tag you deploy.
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Create the network and Traefik service
1. Create a dedicated network
An external network is convenient when Traefik and applications live in separate Compose projects:
docker network create proxyIf everything belongs to one Compose project, you can define the network in that file instead. The important requirement is that Traefik and each routed service are attached to the same network. If a container is connected to several networks, set Traefik’s network explicitly so it does not choose an unintended one.
2. Prepare persistent ACME storage
mkdir -p letsencrypt
touch letsencrypt/acme.json
chmod 600 letsencrypt/acme.jsonThe file must survive container recreation and be writable by Traefik. Losing it can cause unnecessary certificate requests and rate-limit problems, so include it in your backup plan and do not store it in a temporary container filesystem.
3. Run Traefik with Compose
This baseline publishes ports 80 and 443, disables automatic exposure, enables the Docker provider, and configures a TLS-ALPN ACME challenge:
services:
traefik:
image: traefik:v3.7
command:
- --providers.docker=true
- --providers.docker.exposedbydefault=false
- --entrypoints.web.address=:80
- --entrypoints.websecure.address=:443
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- --certificatesresolvers.myresolver.acme.storage=/letsencrypt/acme.json
- --certificatesresolvers.myresolver.acme.tlschallenge=true
ports:
- "80:80"
- "443:443"
volumes:
- /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock:ro
- ./letsencrypt:/letsencrypt
networks:
- proxy
networks:
proxy:
external: trueReplace the email address and use a real domain. The read-only socket mount prevents Traefik from replacing the socket file through the mounted path, but it does not make the Docker API harmless: a process that can issue commands through the daemon can still have extensive control. For stronger isolation, expose Docker through a narrowly permissioned API proxy or another restricted mechanism.
The official Compose example uses the traefik:v3.7 image, a websecure entrypoint on port 443, a read-only Docker socket, and persistent ACME storage. Pinning a specific image tag makes upgrades reviewable; do not silently mix labels or command flags from a different major version.
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Route a Compose application with labels
Minimal HTTP routing
Attach the application to the same network and opt it in explicitly. This example routes a service listening on port 80:
services:
web:
image: nginx:alpine
networks:
- proxy
labels:
- traefik.enable=true
- traefik.http.routers.web.rule=Host(`app.example.com`)
- traefik.http.routers.web.entrypoints=web
- traefik.http.services.web.loadbalancer.server.port=80
networks:
proxy:
external: trueThe label names have three useful parts. traefik.http.routers.web defines a router named web; rule determines which requests match; and entrypoints limits the listener on which the router is active. The service label tells Traefik which internal container port to use.
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HTTPS labels
For a TLS router, use the secure entrypoint and associate it with the ACME resolver configured on Traefik:
labels:
- traefik.enable=true
- traefik.http.routers.web.rule=Host(`app.example.com`)
- traefik.http.routers.web.entrypoints=websecure
- traefik.http.routers.web.tls=true
- traefik.http.routers.web.tls.certresolver=myresolver
- traefik.http.services.web.loadbalancer.server.port=80The certificate resolver name in the label must exactly match the resolver name in the static Traefik command. Here it is myresolver. A router that listens on websecure but lacks TLS settings will not behave like the intended HTTPS route.
When to set the backend port explicitly
Traefik can sometimes infer a container port, but inference becomes ambiguous when an image exposes multiple ports or does not declare the port you intend to use. Set:
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traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.server.port=8080Replace 8080 with the application’s actual listening port. An explicit value is also useful documentation: it makes the proxy target clear to anyone reviewing the Compose file.
Configure automatic HTTPS with ACME
Choose a challenge that matches your network
Traefik’s ACME integration documents HTTP-01 and TLS-ALPN-01 challenges. The challenge is how the certificate authority verifies control of the domain.
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| Challenge | Network requirement | Use it when |
|---|---|---|
| HTTP-01 | The certificate authority must reach port 80 and Traefik’s HTTP entrypoint. | Port 80 is publicly reachable and you want validation over HTTP. |
| TLS-ALPN-01 | The certificate authority must reach port 443 and Traefik must terminate the validation handshake. | HTTPS is publicly reachable and you prefer a TLS-based challenge. |
Only configure a challenge that your firewall, load balancer, and DNS arrangement can actually deliver to this Traefik instance. A private hostname, a proxy that intercepts validation, or a blocked port will cause issuance to fail regardless of the labels.
For HTTP-01, the static configuration uses the web entrypoint:
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--certificatesresolvers.myresolver.acme.httpchallenge=true
--certificatesresolvers.myresolver.acme.httpchallenge.entrypoint=webFor TLS-ALPN-01, use:
--certificatesresolvers.myresolver.acme.tlschallenge=trueKeep only the challenge configuration appropriate for your deployment unless you have a specific reason to enable more than one. In either case, retain the storage setting:
--certificatesresolvers.myresolver.acme.storage=/letsencrypt/acme.jsonThe storage path inside the container must map to persistent host or volume storage, and the file must be writable by Traefik. Certificate data is sensitive; restrict filesystem permissions and backups.
DNS and certificate timing
Create the DNS record before expecting a certificate request to succeed. DNS must resolve the exact hostname in the router rule to the public address that forwards ports 80 or 443 to Traefik. New DNS records can take time to propagate. During initial setup, inspect the Traefik log for ACME authorization errors instead of repeatedly deleting the storage file and retrying.
Keep automatic exposure and credentials under control
Opt services in, not out
--providers.docker.exposedbydefault=false means containers are not published merely because Traefik can see them. Every intended application must carry:
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Protect the Docker API
Traefik needs to read Docker state and events, but access to the Docker daemon is much more consequential than access to an ordinary application port. Keep the socket mount limited to the Traefik container, prefer a read-only mount where it fits your design, and consider a restricted or proxied Docker API. Separate production and development hosts when practical.
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Monitor who can modify the Traefik Compose project, the Docker socket, the external network, and DNS. An attacker who can alter labels or start a container on the proxy network may be able to publish an unexpected route.
Do not place secrets in labels
Docker labels are visible through inspection commands and the Docker API. Do not put passwords, API tokens, private keys, or other credentials in router labels. Use Docker secrets, mounted files, or an appropriate secret-management system, and grant the application only the access it requires.
Restrict the dashboard
The dashboard reveals routing and service information and should not be left openly accessible. If you publish a dashboard route, protect it with authentication and a narrowly scoped rule, and avoid exposing the Traefik API directly to the public Internet. Keep dashboard access separate from ordinary application routes where possible.
HTTP and HTTPS deployment choices
| Choice | Advantages | What you must configure |
|---|---|---|
| HTTP entrypoint | Simple internal or temporary routing. | Port 80, a router using web, and a matching Host rule. |
| HTTPS entrypoint | Encrypted client connections and ACME integration. | Port 443, websecure, TLS on the router, a resolver, and reachable challenge validation. |
| Automatic backend-port detection | Fewer labels for simple images exposing one clear port. | Confidence that the inferred port is the one the process actually listens on. |
| Explicit backend-port label | Predictable behavior for multi-port or unusual images. | loadbalancer.server.port set to the internal listening port. |
For a public production service, use HTTPS and an explicit backend port unless you have a documented reason not to. HTTP can remain useful for ACME HTTP-01 validation or for an internal-only service.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Standalone Docker Engine versus Swarm
On standalone Docker Engine with Compose, labels normally belong directly under the service’s labels key, as in the examples above. In Docker Swarm, routing labels are placed under the service’s deploy.labels section because Swarm schedules services rather than individual containers.
| Environment | Label location | Operational implication |
|---|---|---|
| Docker Engine / Compose | services.<name>.labels |
Traefik watches container events and labels on the running container. |
| Docker Swarm | services.<name>.deploy.labels |
Traefik reads labels from the Swarm service definition; deployment and networking are orchestrated by Swarm. |
Do not copy a Swarm label placement into a standalone Compose file or the reverse and expect the same discovery behavior. Confirm the provider mode and label location before troubleshooting a route that never appears.
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1. Confirm DNS and reachability
- Resolve the exact hostname used in the Host rule and verify it points to the Traefik host.
- Check that host ports 80 and 443 are published by the Traefik container, not another process.
- Verify firewall, cloud security-group, and upstream load-balancer rules allow the required traffic.
If the client cannot reach the entrypoint, labels and backend settings cannot affect the result.
2. Check provider and container discovery
- Confirm the Docker provider is enabled.
- Confirm
exposedByDefault=falseis intentional and the target hastraefik.enable=true. - Make sure Traefik can read Docker events through its configured socket or API.
- Verify Traefik and the application share the intended network.
Inspect Traefik logs and, when safely protected, the dashboard. You should be able to find the generated router and service. If the application is absent, fix discovery before changing DNS or TLS settings.
3. Fix a 404 response
A Traefik-generated 404 usually means no router matched the request. Check:
- The browser’s hostname exactly matches
Host(`app.example.com`), including the domain and any subdomain. - The request arrived on the entrypoint named by the router.
- The router’s labels are spelled correctly and attached to the running service.
- You are testing HTTPS against a router configured for
websecure, or HTTP against one configured forweb.
Use the dashboard or debug logging to confirm that Traefik generated the router rule you intended. A correct backend port does not help if the rule never matches.
4. Fix a 502 response
A 502 generally means a router matched but Traefik could not obtain a usable response from the backend. Check these in order:
- Traefik and the application share a connected network.
- The process is running and listening on the internal port, not only on a host-published port.
traefik.http.services.<service>.loadbalancer.server.portis set correctly when port detection is ambiguous.- The application is listening on an address reachable from the container network and is not failing its own startup or health checks.
- If several Docker networks are attached, Traefik is using the intended one.
Test connectivity from the Traefik container or another container on the proxy network, then read both Traefik and application logs. A 502 is a backend connectivity problem, not normally a DNS problem.
5. Fix ACME issuance failures
- Use the exact hostname requested by the certificate and confirm DNS reaches this host.
- Make sure the selected challenge’s required port is publicly reachable.
- Confirm the resolver name in the router label matches the static resolver name.
- Check that
acme.jsonexists at the container path and is writable. - Look for authorization errors in Traefik logs before retrying.
Do not repeatedly remove persistent ACME storage as a first response. Preserve logs and configuration so you can identify whether the failure is DNS, network forwarding, challenge selection, permissions, or a hostname mismatch.
Operational checklist before going live
- Traefik and every routed application are on the same dedicated network.
- Only ports 80 and 443 that Traefik should own are published publicly.
exposedByDefault=falseis enabled.- Each public application has an explicit
traefik.enable=truelabel. - Each router has the intended Host rule and entrypoint.
- Each service has an explicit internal port when the image exposes more than one or detection is uncertain.
- ACME storage is persistent, writable, permission-restricted, and included in backups.
- The selected ACME challenge is compatible with DNS, firewalls, and upstream proxies.
- Docker API access and dashboard access are restricted.
- Secrets are stored outside labels.
- Logs are collected so discovery, routing, backend, and ACME failures can be distinguished.
Putting the model together
The essential pattern is intentionally small: Traefik listens on published entrypoints; the Docker provider watches events; labels opt a service in, match its hostname, select HTTP or HTTPS, and identify the internal port; and a shared network lets Traefik reach the backend without exposing that backend directly on the host. HTTPS adds a resolver, a reachable ACME challenge, and durable certificate storage.
When a request fails, follow the same chain from the outside inward: DNS, published entrypoint, provider discovery, network membership, Host rule, TLS and resolver settings, then backend port and application health. That order prevents a 404 from being treated like a 502, and prevents an ACME permission problem from being misdiagnosed as an application outage.
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