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What OpenVAS is—and what you actually deploy
“OpenVAS” commonly refers to the scanner within the broader Greenbone Vulnerability Management stack. Greenbone describes its Community Edition as the source-code-based GVM stack, also known as OpenVAS. The scanner is therefore only one component of a working installation.
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The manager, gvmd, controls scanners through the Open Scanner Protocol (OSP). OpenVAS itself is not an OSP service; OSPD-OpenVAS supplies that service layer. A web interface can be available while the scanner service, feed data, or manager-to-scanner connection is still unavailable. Treat those as separate components during installation and troubleshooting.
Your Ubuntu machine can host the complete stack, act as the operator workstation for a scanner running on another host, or connect to a managed or appliance deployment. The correct choice depends on network reachability, maintenance capacity, feed-update responsibility, credential handling, and the support level your organization requires.
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Choose an Ubuntu deployment model
Greenbone documents distribution-package installation as one possible route, but cautions that a distribution’s packages and dependencies may not match the versions, scripts, extensions, or tested combinations Greenbone releases. Ubuntu’s release number is therefore important: an installation procedure that works on one release may not apply to another.
| Model | When it fits | Advantages | Trade-offs to plan for |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ubuntu distribution packages | You want native system services and are willing to follow the package set available for your exact Ubuntu release. | Uses the operating system’s package and service conventions; straightforward integration with local administration. | Package versions and dependencies can differ from Greenbone-tested releases. You own compatibility checks and upgrades. |
| Containerized deployment | You need a more reproducible environment or want to isolate the stack from the host. | Application components can be pinned and separated from unrelated Ubuntu packages. | You must manage persistent volumes, feed data, container networking, upgrades, and access to the target network. |
| Source-based installation | You need to build a specific version or integrate with an engineering-controlled build process. | Maximum control over versions and build options. | Highest maintenance burden: dependencies, service definitions, upgrades, and recovery are your responsibility. |
| Remote or managed scanner | The scanner belongs on a network segment that the Ubuntu workstation cannot directly reach, or your organization has a supported managed deployment. | Centralized operations and a scanner positioned close to the assets being audited. | Ubuntu is only the operator side; you must configure secure manager access and verify scanner-to-target routing separately. |
For a release-neutral Ubuntu guide, do not copy a package command from an article written for a different release. Identify the Ubuntu version, select the matching Greenbone Community Edition documentation, and use that document’s current package, container, or source procedure. Record the resulting GVM, scanner, manager, and feed versions so later reports can be reproduced.
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Before you scan: authorization and network prerequisites
Only scan systems for which you have explicit authorization. A vulnerability scan can generate large amounts of traffic, trigger intrusion-prevention controls, consume application resources, or expose sensitive configuration details. Written scope should identify the owner, addresses or ranges, permitted dates, excluded systems, and an emergency contact.
- Scanner position: Run the scanner on Ubuntu or connect to one that has a route to the target network. A workstation that can open a browser to a target is not automatically able to perform every probe the scanner needs.
- Addressing: Confirm DNS resolution, IPv4 or IPv6 choice, routing, and any NAT boundaries. Use the address that is actually authorized, not an adjacent production range.
- Firewall policy: Obtain approval for the scanner’s source address and the required destination ports. A firewall that drops probes can produce incomplete results or a false “host down” status.
- Credentials: Create a dedicated, least-privilege account when authenticated checks are approved. Protect passwords and private keys as secrets; never place them in a report or ticket.
- Change control: Schedule intensive scans outside sensitive maintenance windows and define a stop procedure before starting.
Install or connect to GVM on Ubuntu
Installing on the Ubuntu host
Follow the current Greenbone Community Edition installation instructions for the exact Ubuntu release and deployment model you selected. The documentation’s package route uses the distribution’s package manager, while container and source routes have different service, storage, and update requirements. Do not assume that a package name, service name, database version, or initialization sequence from another release is interchangeable.
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After installation, verify each layer independently:
- Confirm that the manager can start and has its database or state store available.
- Confirm that the OSPD-OpenVAS service can start and expose the scanner through OSP.
- Confirm that the scanner has current vulnerability-test data (the feed) and that feed synchronization completes without errors.
- Confirm that the web interface or other management client can authenticate to the manager.
- Run the deployment’s built-in scanner or connection check before attempting a remote audit.
Service names, initialization commands, and feed-sync procedures vary by release and deployment. Use the exact commands supplied for your version rather than substituting a generic command from an older tutorial.
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If the scanner runs elsewhere, Ubuntu only needs a supported management connection and a network path to that management endpoint. The gvm-tools documentation describes GMP connections, including secure communication over SSH and Unix-domain sockets for a local Community Edition installation. In a remote arrangement, check both paths: the Ubuntu workstation-to-manager connection and the scanner-to-target connection. A successful login to the manager does not prove that the scanner can reach the asset.
Build a target definition
A scan task is assembled from a target, a port list, an alive-test strategy, a scan configuration, and, when required, credentials. Start by creating the target in the management interface.
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- Open the target-management area and choose New Target (the exact label can vary with the interface version).
- Enter the authorized hostname, IP address, or range. Keep the scope as narrow as the approved objective; do not add an entire subnet merely because it is convenient.
- Choose a port list. A focused list is appropriate for an audit of a known application or service. A broader list is appropriate only when service discovery is part of the approved scope and the network can tolerate the additional traffic.
- Select the alive-test method that matches the network behavior, described in the next section.
- Attach SSH credentials if authenticated checks are required. Credentials are linked to the target, not merely stored in the system.
- Save the target and review the rendered address list, port list, alive test, and credential association before creating a task.
Keep separate target objects for materially different scopes. This makes exclusions, ownership, and report interpretation unambiguous.
Choose the right alive test
Before probing vulnerabilities, the scanner decides whether a host appears alive. Greenbone documents four methods: ICMP Ping, TCP-ACK Service Ping, TCP-SYN Service Ping, and ARP Ping. They are available for IPv4 and IPv6 with method-specific behavior.
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|---|---|---|
| ICMP Ping | The network permits ordinary ping traffic and you want a simple reachability check. | Firewalls often drop ICMP, so a live host may be marked unavailable. |
| TCP-ACK Service Ping | Filtering permits TCP responses and you need a method that does not rely on an application completing a connection. | Stateful firewalls and routing devices can treat ACK probes differently from normal service traffic. |
| TCP-SYN Service Ping | You can test a TCP service or a set of service ports that should respond. | A firewall may silently drop SYN packets, while a device that returns TCP-RST can make results appear inconsistent. |
| ARP Ping | The scanner and target are on the same local IPv4 Ethernet segment. | ARP is not a general routed-network test and does not solve reachability across routers; IPv6 uses different neighbor-discovery behavior. |
When a host is reachable in a browser or by SSH but the report says it is down, do not immediately remove it from the target. Compare the scanner’s network location with your test location, check the firewall’s treatment of ICMP and TCP probes, and select a method supported by the path. If policy permits, use a method that tests a known open TCP service. Document any host that is deliberately excluded from liveness checks because doing so changes scan behavior and can increase traffic to systems that are not actually online.
Add SSH credentials for authenticated Linux audits
An unauthenticated scan can inspect exposed services, banners, and remotely observable weaknesses. SSH credentials let OpenVAS perform authenticated local security checks on Linux or Unix targets, which can reveal installed packages, configuration state, and other information unavailable from the network alone.
Create the credential object
- Open the credentials section in the manager and choose the SSH credential type.
- Enter the dedicated account name.
- Select the supported password form or SSH-key form and provide the secret through the protected credential field.
- If your deployment offers privilege elevation, configure it only when the account and target policy support it. Greenbone describes this elevation feature as experimental; its reliability depends on the target’s configuration.
- Save the credential object and restrict administrative access to it.
Link it to the target
Return to the target definition and select the SSH credential in the credential field. Saving a credential without associating it with a target does not make it available to a scan engine. Greenbone’s documentation specifically requires credentials to be linked to at least one target before they can be applied.
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Validate access safely
- From the scanner’s network location, verify that SSH reaches the intended host and port.
- Confirm that the account is permitted to log in non-interactively if the scan requires that behavior.
- Check the host-key and trust policy used by the scanner; an interactive first-login prompt can prevent an otherwise valid credential from working.
- Confirm that the account can read the information required for the checks. More privilege is not automatically better, and unnecessary elevation increases impact if the credential is exposed.
- After a test task, inspect the report for evidence that authenticated checks ran. A credential object marked “configured” is not proof of successful authentication.
Create and run the scan task
- Open the task-management area and select New Task.
- Choose the target you reviewed, the scanner that will perform the work, and a scan configuration appropriate to the approved objective.
- Check that the target’s port list, alive test, and SSH credential association are the intended values. Task-level selections can make an otherwise correct target behave differently from a previous scan.
- Set scheduling, concurrency, and notification options according to your maintenance window and platform capacity. Do not promise a fixed completion time; duration depends on the target count, ports, scan configuration, response behavior, and scanner resources.
- Save the task, read its summary, and start it only after the scope review is complete.
- Monitor task status and scanner health. A task waiting indefinitely can indicate a manager-to-scanner problem, missing feed data, or a busy scanner rather than a target fault.
Record the scanner software version, manager version, feed or vulnerability-test version, target scope, port list, alive-test method, credential mode, exclusions, and scan date. Feed content changes over time, so two reports made months apart are not necessarily testing the same rules.
Interpret findings instead of treating alerts as proof
Open each result in the context of the affected host, detected service, evidence, and asset owner. A severity score is a prioritization signal, not a substitute for validation. A service may be intentionally exposed, a version banner may be misleading, or a finding may require a condition that is absent on the particular host.
A practical validation sequence
- Confirm that the host and port in the result belong to the authorized asset.
- Read the evidence and detection method, including the protocol response or configuration detail on which the result relies.
- Check whether the finding is already covered by a compensating control, vendor backport, configuration exception, or accepted risk.
- Safely verify high-impact findings with the system owner. Avoid exploit testing unless it is explicitly authorized.
- Remove duplicates and group related results by service and asset so remediation owners receive an actionable list.
- Assign an owner and due date using your organization’s risk policy. Greenbone’s manuals define scanning controls, not a universal severity threshold or remediation deadline.
Export a report that includes scope, scan date, software and feed versions, exclusions, limitations, and whether credentials were intended to be used. Never export the actual password or private key.
Troubleshoot common Ubuntu and remote-scan failures
The web interface opens, but no scan starts
Check the manager, OSPD-OpenVAS service, scanner process, and feed data independently. The interface can be healthy while the manager cannot reach the scanner, the scanner is stopped, or vulnerability-test data is missing. Read the service logs for the deployment model you selected and confirm the scanner is registered and available to the manager.
A target is reported as down
- Test reachability from the scanner host, not only from your desktop.
- Compare ICMP, TCP-ACK, TCP-SYN, and (where applicable) ARP behavior against firewall and router policy.
- Check whether a router returns TCP-RST or another response that differs from the target’s own response.
- Verify that DNS resolves to the authorized address and that IPv4 versus IPv6 selection is intentional.
- Select a permitted alive-test method that matches an open service, then rerun a narrowly scoped task.
The scan runs but authenticated results are missing
Confirm that the SSH credential is attached to the target used by the task, that the scanner can reach SSH, and that host-key policy allows the connection. Review the account’s permissions and the report’s authentication evidence. If privilege elevation was enabled, test without it where policy allows; the feature is experimental and may fail on a particular target.
Results look stale or inconsistent
Check feed synchronization status and record the feed version. Compare target scope, port list, alive test, and scan configuration with the earlier task. A changed feed, changed service, or a different scanner position can legitimately produce different results.
The scan is disruptive
Stop the task according to your deployment’s controls, notify the asset owner, and preserve the task configuration and logs. For the next run, narrow the port list and target scope, schedule outside peak periods, and use a scan configuration appropriate to the approved intensity. Do not simply restart an unchanged task against production.
Operate OpenVAS as a repeatable audit process
Consistency matters more than a single impressive report. Maintain an inventory of target objects, owners, approved port lists, credential associations, exclusions, and the network location of each scanner. Review that inventory when assets move between segments or when firewall policy changes.
- Pre-scan checklist: authorization, scope, route, DNS, firewall approval, maintenance window, scanner health, and current feed.
- Configuration record: target, port list, alive test, scan configuration, scanner, credential mode, and exclusions.
- Evidence record: report date, software versions, feed version, findings, validation notes, owner, due date, and exception rationale.
- Post-remediation check: rerun the smallest useful task after changes, then compare evidence rather than relying only on a changed severity label.
Keep credentials separate from configuration backups and limit who can export reports. If a private key or password may have appeared in logs, tickets, shell history, or screenshots, rotate it and investigate access.
When Ubuntu is the wrong place for the scanner
Ubuntu is a convenient operator platform, but the scanner should be placed where it can accurately observe the assets. A remote scanner or managed deployment may be preferable when targets sit behind segmentation, when the organization needs centralized feed and version management, or when local package divergence creates unacceptable maintenance risk. In that design, use Ubuntu to manage the scanner through a documented GMP connection, and verify reachability in both directions: operator to manager and scanner to target.
Conversely, a local Ubuntu deployment can be appropriate for a small, controlled environment when the team accepts responsibility for package compatibility, feed updates, service monitoring, backups, and upgrades. The decision is operational, not simply a matter of which installation method has the shortest setup.
A complete remote-audit runbook
- Obtain written authorization and define assets, exclusions, dates, and contacts.
- Choose a deployment model for the Ubuntu release and document the versions you install or connect to.
- Verify manager, OSPD-OpenVAS, scanner, feed, and management-client health separately.
- Confirm scanner-to-target routing, DNS, firewall treatment, and the intended IP version.
- Create a narrowly scoped target with the appropriate port list and alive test.
- Create a least-privilege SSH credential when authenticated Linux checks are approved, and link it to the target.
- Create a task with the intended scanner and scan configuration; review its summary before starting.
- Monitor execution without assuming a universal duration.
- Validate important findings against host, service, evidence, and owner context.
- Export a report containing scope, versions, limitations, and credential mode, then assign remediation and schedule verification.
This process turns OpenVAS from a one-off port probe into an auditable assessment: the scanner’s position, configuration, evidence, and limitations are all recorded, and a “host down” message is investigated as a network or liveness-test question rather than accepted blindly.
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