PC Slower Than It Used to Be?
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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteUse the ip command—the main iproute2 interface—to inspect and change links, addresses, routes, policy rules, neighbors, tunnels and network namespaces on a Linux VPS. A reliable workflow is to discover the provider’s interface, bring the link up, assign addresses, verify the route selected by the kernel, and only then make any policy-routing changes.
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Commands run with ip change the running kernel state. They are usually temporary, so save a working configuration in the network manager or boot configuration used by your VPS distribution and provider. Keep an existing SSH session open while changing the interface or default route.
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1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsWhat iproute2 controls on a VPS
iproute2 is the Linux networking toolkit that replaced most older net-tools workflows. Its central command, ip, can show or manipulate routing, network devices, interfaces and tunnels. The same command family covers several separate objects:
| Object | Command family | What it controls |
|---|---|---|
| Link | ip link |
Device state, MTU, MAC-related settings, virtual links and device creation or deletion |
| Address | ip address (or ip addr) |
IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, prefixes and address lifetime information |
| Route | ip route |
Destination prefixes, gateways, devices, metrics, source addresses and routing tables |
| Policy rule | ip rule |
Which routing table is consulted for traffic matching source, destination, interface, mark, user or other selectors |
| Neighbor | ip neigh |
ARP or IPv6 neighbor-cache entries used to resolve a next-hop link-layer address |
| Namespace and tunnel | ip netns, ip tunnel and related subcommands |
Isolated network stacks and tunnel interfaces |
The important operational distinction is that link state and addressing are different. An interface can be administratively up without having a usable IP address, and an address can exist on a link whose carrier or provider connection is unavailable. Route selection is a third layer: an address alone does not tell the kernel where to send traffic.
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Prepare safely before changing the network
Confirm privileges and keep a recovery path
Most changes require root privileges. Use sudo for individual commands or a root shell during a planned maintenance window. Keep your current SSH connection open, and if your provider offers a serial, console or out-of-band terminal, make sure it is available before changing the management interface, address or default route.
Do not assume the interface is named eth0. VPS images commonly use predictable names such as ens3, but the provider can choose another name. Discover it first and substitute the actual device in every example.
Take a baseline snapshot
ip -br link
ip -br address
ip route show
ip rule show
ip neigh show
Save this output with your change ticket. It gives you a rollback reference and reveals whether the system already has multiple interfaces, secondary addresses, custom tables or non-default rules.
Discover interfaces and addresses
Read link state in a compact form
ip -br linkThe compact output lists each device, its administrative state and a short description. Look for the provider-facing device and note whether it is UP. A device being up means the kernel has enabled it; it does not prove that the VPS provider has supplied carrier, an address or a working route.
For counters and detailed flags, inspect one device:
ip -s link show dev ens3Packet and error counters help distinguish a local configuration problem from a failing or disconnected path. Increasing receive or transmit errors warrant checking the provider’s virtual NIC and MTU settings before changing routes.
Read assigned IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
ip -br address
ip address show dev ens3Check the prefix length, not just the address. A /24 IPv4 address has a different directly connected network from a /32 host address. IPv6 addresses usually carry a much longer prefix and may include link-local addresses beginning with fe80::; those are useful for neighbor discovery but are not a public IPv6 address.
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Bring a link up or down
Enable the interface
sudo ip link set ens3 upThis changes the running link state immediately. Verify the result:
ip link show dev ens3Disable the interface deliberately
sudo ip link set ens3 downTaking down the SSH interface will normally terminate the session and remove connectivity through that device. Use it only from a console or when you have a second management path. The ip-link(8) manual documents these set and change operations along with creation and deletion of many virtual link types.
Add or remove IP addresses
Add a temporary address
sudo ip address add 192.0.2.10/24 dev ens3The address is active immediately and can be tested with:
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ip address show dev ens3
ip route show table localThe kernel normally creates a local-table entry for an assigned address and a connected route when the prefix permits one. The exact connected-route behavior depends on the prefix and existing configuration, so inspect the table rather than assuming it.
Remove an address
sudo ip address del 192.0.2.10/24 dev ens3Delete the exact address and prefix you added. Removing the provider-assigned management address can disconnect every service, including your current SSH session.
Use IPv6 syntax correctly
sudo ip -6 address add 2001:db8:1234::10/64 dev ens3
ip -6 address show dev ens3Use the -6 selector when you want IPv6-only output or operations. Do not copy an IPv4 gateway or prefix into an IPv6 command; IPv6 next hops and routes use IPv6 addresses and may require a link-local gateway with an explicit device.
Inspect and change routes
Read the main routing table
ip route show
ip -4 route show
ip -6 route showBy default, normal routes are inserted into the main table, table ID 254. A typical table contains one or more connected network routes and a default route. Each route can include a device, a gateway, a metric and an optional preferred source address.
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Test the kernel’s actual path
ip route get 1.1.1.1
ip route get 8.8.8.8 from 192.0.2.10ip route get performs a lookup for a hypothetical packet and reports the selected device, next hop, source address and table decision. It is more useful than reading a route list when several prefixes, metrics or policy rules overlap. For IPv6, use ip -6 route get 2001:4860:4860::8888.
Add or replace a route
Use replace when a configuration may already contain the route. It creates the route if absent and updates it if present, making repeated runs predictable:
sudo ip route replace 198.51.100.0/24 via 192.0.2.1 dev ens3To set a default route temporarily:
sudo ip route replace default via 192.0.2.1 dev ens3The gateway must be reachable through the specified device according to the address and connected routes. If the provider uses a host route or an unusual point-to-point setup, follow that provider’s documented gateway arrangement instead of forcing a conventional subnet assumption.
Delete a route
sudo ip route del 198.51.100.0/24 via 192.0.2.1 dev ens3Specify enough attributes to identify the intended route. If multiple routes have different metrics or sources, first display the table and then remove the exact entry.
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The ip-route(8) manual documents save and restore. They can capture route objects for a controlled runtime rollback, but they are not a replacement for the distribution’s persistent network configuration. Treat saved output as an operational artifact, not as a boot-time service.
Understand policy routing before adding rules
Normal routing asks the main table for the longest matching destination prefix. Policy routing adds an ordered routing-policy database (RPDB): each rule tests selectors and directs matching traffic to a table. Use it when one main table cannot express the requirement, such as source-specific egress on multiple uplinks, separate tenant networks or a VPN path that should apply only to selected traffic.
Know the default rules and priorities
| Priority | Table | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | local (255) |
Local addresses, broadcast and locally connected destinations |
| 32766 | main (254) |
Normal administrator-managed routes |
| 32767 | default (253) |
Fallback table, normally empty unless you add routes |
The kernel configures these three rules at startup. Lower numeric priorities run first. A custom rule with priority 100 therefore runs before the normal main-table rule at 32766. Always inspect the existing order:
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ip rule showCreate a source-specific table
Give a custom table a name in /etc/iproute2/rt_tables so future output is readable:
sudo sh -c 'echo "100 isp2" >> /etc/iproute2/rt_tables'Then add the connected and default routes to that table and bind traffic sourced from the second address to it:
sudo ip route add 203.0.113.0/24 dev ens4 src 203.0.113.10 table isp2
sudo ip route add default via 203.0.113.1 dev ens4 table isp2
sudo ip rule add from 203.0.113.10/32 priority 100 table isp2
ip rule show
ip route get 8.8.8.8 from 203.0.113.10The connected route is important: without a route to the gateway’s network in the custom table, the default gateway may not be considered reachable in that lookup. Test with ip route get using the source address that should trigger the rule.
Selectors available to rules
The ip-rule(8) manual supports selectors for source and destination prefixes, incoming and outgoing interfaces, firewall marks, UID ranges, protocols and ports, among other fields. Keep rules narrow: a broad rule can capture traffic intended for local services, a management network or a VPN. Choose explicit priorities and document the reason for each one.
Remove a policy rule safely
sudo ip rule del from 203.0.113.10/32 priority 100 table isp2
sudo ip route flush table isp2Flush only a table you own. Never flush the local or main table on a production VPS unless you have a tested recovery method.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Neighbors, sockets and layered troubleshooting
When a VPS cannot reach a destination, identify the failing layer instead of repeatedly changing routes.
| Symptom | Commands | Likely next check |
|---|---|---|
| Interface is administratively down | ip link show dev ens3 |
Bring it up with ip link set; verify provider-side attachment |
| No expected address | ip address show dev ens3 |
Correct the address and prefix; check the provider allocation |
| Wrong path or source address | ip route show table main, ip rule show, ip route get DESTINATION |
Inspect table order, longest-prefix matches, metrics and policy priorities |
| Gateway does not resolve | ip neigh show dev ens3 |
Check the connected route, gateway address, VLAN/provider setup and ARP or IPv6 neighbor state |
| Path works but service is unreachable | ss -lntup |
Confirm the daemon listens on the intended address and port; then inspect host and provider firewalls |
| Intermittent or one-way traffic | ip -s link show dev ens3, ip route get in both directions where possible |
Look for interface errors, asymmetric policy routing, MTU problems or filtering |
Inspect the neighbor cache
ip neigh show dev ens3For IPv4, neighbor entries represent ARP resolution; for IPv6 they represent neighbor discovery. An entry that remains unresolved can indicate a wrong gateway, missing connected route or provider-level isolation. Clearing a stale entry can be a diagnostic step, but it does not repair an incorrect route.
Check listening services
ss -lntupThis lists listening TCP and UDP sockets and the processes that own them. A correct route cannot make a service reachable if it listens only on loopback, uses a different port, or is blocked by a firewall.
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Interactive ip commands modify the running kernel. They normally disappear on reboot, and a restart of the VPS provider’s networking service may also replace them. The iproute2 manuals describe the runtime objects and operations; they do not define one persistence mechanism for every distribution or VPS provider.
Convert a tested change into boot configuration
- Apply the change interactively and verify the address, route, rule and service path.
- Record the exact interface name, prefix, gateway, table ID or name, rule priority and any source address.
- Encode those values in the network manager or boot configuration used by the installed distribution and the VPS provider.
- Reload or reboot only from a console-capable maintenance window, keeping an existing SSH session open until the new configuration is proven.
- After reboot, run
ip -br address,ip route show,ip rule showandip route getagain. Confirm that intended routes and rules, rather than only the interface state, survived.
Do not leave temporary test addresses or routes in place if they should not survive the maintenance window. Remove them explicitly before handing the system back to operations.
IPv4, IPv6 and multi-interface decisions
Single-interface VPS
For one uplink and one default gateway, keep the design in the main table. Discover the interface, bring it up, assign the provider address, verify the connected route and replace the default route only when the provider’s instructions require it. Policy rules add complexity without improving a simple topology.
Multiple interfaces or uplinks
Use separate tables and source- or interface-based rules when replies must leave through the same uplink on which they arrived, or when different source addresses require different gateways. Test both locally generated traffic and forwarded traffic if the VPS is acting as a router. Check reverse-path filtering and firewall policy separately; a correct iproute2 configuration does not override those controls.
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IPv6-specific checks
Repeat discovery and route tests with -6. Verify that the global address, prefix, default route and neighbor resolution are present. If a rule is intended for both protocol families, create and test the IPv4 and IPv6 forms explicitly; an IPv4 rule does not automatically govern IPv6 traffic.
Quick Recap
A repeatable change and rollback procedure
- Discover: run
ip -br linkandip -br address; identify the management device and current addresses. - Snapshot: save
ip route show,ip rule showandip neigh showoutput. - Change one layer: set link state, then address, then route. Do not change all three at once when troubleshooting.
- Verify locally: use
ip address show,ip route getandip neigh show. - Verify the service: use
ss -lntupand an application-level test from an independent host. - Apply policy routing last: add the table routes, then the rule, and test with the exact source or destination selector.
- Rollback: delete the temporary rule, route and address in reverse dependency order, or restore the known-good configuration from your console session.
- Persist only after validation: place the final values in the distribution/provider network configuration and repeat the verification after reload or reboot.
Common mistakes to avoid
- Assuming
eth0exists: use the device name shown byip -br link. - Confusing link state with connectivity: an
UPlink still needs a valid address, neighbor resolution and route. - Changing the default route over SSH without a console: a single typo can strand the session and the VPS.
- Adding a policy rule without its table’s connected route: the custom default gateway may be unusable.
- Ignoring priority order: a lower-numbered rule can divert traffic before the main table is consulted.
- Expecting runtime commands to survive reboot: persist the validated state through the platform’s network manager.
- Diagnosing an application failure as a routing failure: verify listening sockets and firewall policy after the path is confirmed.
- Using broad flush commands: limit deletion or flushing to the specific route, rule or custom table under maintenance.
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