Save the Selenium browser window to a PNG file, then upload that file to an S3 bucket with Boto3. If your test runner should not hold AWS credentials, have a trusted service create a presigned upload request and send the screenshot with that temporary authorization instead.
Upload a Selenium screenshot with Boto3
Selenium’s Python WebDriver API can save the current browser window as a PNG with save_screenshot(filename). Boto3’s S3 transfer helper can then upload that local file to a bucket and object key.
- Choose a bucket and key. Replace the example bucket and key with the destination for your test artifacts.
- Save the screenshot. Create the local artifact directory and check Selenium’s return value.
- Upload the file. Configure an AWS identity for the process with permission to write to the intended bucket and key.
Install the dependencies in the Python environment used by the test runner with pip install selenium boto3. The following example assumes driver is an already-created Selenium WebDriver; it does not create or close the browser session.
from pathlib import Path
import boto3
bucket = "your-bucket"
key = "selenium/run-123/test-checkout.png"
local_path = Path("artifacts/test-checkout.png")
local_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
if not driver.save_screenshot(str(local_path)):
raise RuntimeError("Selenium did not save the screenshot")
boto3.client("s3").upload_file(str(local_path), bucket, key)This example combines the documented Selenium save method and Boto3 upload method; the documentation does not establish that this particular combined example has been tested as an integration.
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Use a readable file object instead
If your code already has the screenshot open in binary mode, Boto3 also provides upload_fileobj. Pass a readable binary file object, the bucket, and the key:
with open(local_path, "rb") as image_file:
boto3.client("s3").upload_fileobj(image_file, bucket, key)Choose where AWS credentials live
Upload directly from the test runner
Use upload_file or upload_fileobj when the runner has an approved AWS identity that can write to the intended destination. Configure credentials through the runtime’s AWS credential mechanism, such as the environment or role assigned to the runner; do not put long-lived secrets in source code. Grant only the permissions the workflow needs.
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Use a presigned upload when the runner should not have AWS credentials
A trusted component with the necessary S3 permissions can create a presigned request for a specific object. The runner uses the returned authorization for the permitted upload, without receiving general AWS credentials. AWS describes a presigned URL as temporary access for someone who does not have credentials or permission to access an S3 object: AWS presigned URL upload guidance.
Boto3 documents presigned POST, which returns a URL and form fields that the client must submit. AWS also documents presigned PUT. Use the method that generated the request, along with its required fields, headers, and object key; do not treat a POST form request and a PUT request as interchangeable.
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Presigned URLs are bearer tokens: anyone who obtains one may use it within its scope and validity. Keep them out of source control, public logs, and user-visible output. Their usable lifetime is limited by both the configured expiry and the signing credentials; temporary credentials can expire before the requested URL expiry, and revoked credentials can invalidate access. AWS documents SDK and CLI presigned URL lifetimes up to seven days for eligible credentials, but that maximum should not be assumed for temporary role credentials. See AWS presigned URL guidance.
Choose an object key that preserves the right screenshots
An upload to an existing key replaces the object at that key. A key such as selenium/run-123/test-checkout.png is more useful than a constant filename if repeated CI runs should retain separate artifacts. Include an appropriate run identifier, test name, or capture time to reduce accidental overwrites.
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Do not assume that an overwritten object remains available as an older version. That depends on the bucket’s versioning configuration, which should be checked separately if version history is required.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Integrity and request details for presigned uploads
For SigV4 uploads, S3 supports checksum algorithms. When using a checksum, the upload request must include the corresponding checksum header. Make sure the client’s request matches the method and headers expected by the generated authorization.
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Troubleshoot failed uploads
- Selenium returns false or the file is missing: Check that the destination directory exists and that the process can write there. The example creates the parent directory, but the runner still needs filesystem permission.
- AWS reports access denied: Confirm the identity used by Boto3 is the one you intended and that it has permission to upload to the specific bucket and key. For delegated uploads, verify that the presigned request was created for the intended operation and object.
SignatureDoesNotMatchon a presigned upload: AWS recommends checking whether the URL was altered or expired, whether the system clock is synchronized, whether the request’s content type matches the value used when signing, and whether the request targets the bucket’s correct Region. Also send the exact method, fields, and signed headers expected by the generated request.- The uploaded screenshot replaces an earlier artifact: The runs used the same key. Add a run-specific or otherwise unique component to the key, or verify bucket versioning if preserving prior versions is part of the design.
- The request fails after working earlier: Check the presigned URL expiry and the status of the credentials that signed it. A configured expiry does not extend the life of temporary signing credentials.
Performance, reliability, and CI considerations
Boto3’s upload_file transfer helper can split large files into chunks and upload them in parallel. That is a capability of the helper, not a performance guarantee for a particular runner or screenshot. Ordinary screenshots may be small, but network conditions, browser capture time, and artifact size still affect the full job.
Keeping a local screenshot before upload can help CI workflows that retain workspace artifacts or need to distinguish a browser-capture failure from a storage failure. Decide how the job should behave if S3 is unavailable: fail the test, retry under a bounded policy, or preserve the local file for later handling. Those are workflow choices; the Selenium and Boto3 interfaces alone do not define them.
Or skip the browser setup
If you need a screenshot of a web page rather than a browser state captured inside your Selenium test, ScreenshotNeo is a website screenshot API. Its API can return an image or PDF from one GET request, and you can save the returned bytes as an artifact for your own S3 upload. See the ScreenshotNeo API documentation.
import requests
r = requests.get(
"https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot",
params={"access_key": "YOUR_API_KEY", "url": "https://stripe.com"},
timeout=90,
)
open("shot.webp", "wb").write(r.content)ScreenshotNeo removes cookie banners, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture. Bot checks, blank pages, failed loads, timeouts, and cache hits are not billed. An MCP server provides screenshot tools for AI agents, and the free plan includes 1,000 screenshots a month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 screenshots.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does this save a full-page screenshot?
Selenium’s `save_screenshot` saves the current browser window. This workflow does not establish a full-page capture method.
Can I upload the screenshot without writing a local file?
Boto3 supports `upload_fileobj` for a readable binary file object, but Selenium’s documented `save_screenshot(filename)` workflow writes a PNG file. A memory-only Selenium capture is not shown here.
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