Set the consent cookie deliberately for each test, then verify the page state before capturing. Use a clean browser context for the first-visit case and a separate context—or an explicitly initialized cookie—for the returning-visitor case. This prevents a previous test run from deciding whether the banner appears.
Build tests around explicit consent states
A screenshot only answers a useful question when the browser’s starting state is known. At minimum, test the page with no consent cookie and with a valid saved choice. Add rejected, customized, malformed, or expired values when your application supports those cases.
- Identify the real cookie. Confirm its exact name, value or format, domain, path, and expiry behavior from the application’s consent logic or an authentic consent interaction. Do not guess the value.
- Set up independent cases. Clear consent state for a first-visit test. For a returning-visitor test, set the known value explicitly or create a separate browser context initialized with it. Do not depend on side effects from another test.
- Check behavior before capture. Assert that the banner is visible or hidden as expected and, where relevant, that the stored choice is correct. Wait for consent initialization, rendering, and animations to settle.
- Capture consistently. Keep viewport, browser, operating system, and relevant browser settings stable. Inspect screenshot diffs rather than automatically replacing a reference image.
Choose cookie setup timing and scope
Whether the cookie must exist before navigation depends on the application. A server may read it on the first request; a client-side consent component may read it after the page loads. For the former, initialize the cookie before visiting the page. For the latter, setting it and reloading may work. Verify the cookie on the exact origin under test before treating a mismatch as a visual defect.
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Cypress: clear or set the cookie in each case
Cypress clears cookies, local storage, and session storage between tests by default. Its guidance for a known cookie value recommends setting it in beforeEach so every test starts with the intended state. The following pattern illustrates separate first-visit and consented cases; adapt the selector, cookie value, and navigation order to your application.
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describe('cookie banner screenshots', () => {
it('shows the banner for a first visit', () => {
cy.visit('/')
cy.clearCookie('cookieConsent')
cy.reload()
cy.get('[data-testid="cookie-banner"]').should('be.visible')
cy.screenshot('cookie-banner-first-visit')
})
it('uses the saved consent state', () => {
cy.setCookie('cookieConsent', 'accepted', { path: '/' })
cy.visit('/')
cy.get('[data-testid="cookie-banner"]').should('not.exist')
cy.screenshot('cookie-banner-consented')
})
})
If your app reads consent on its first request, set the cookie before cy.visit() as in the second case. For a first-visit case where server behavior matters, ensure the cookie is cleared before the initial visit—use a known origin and clear the relevant cookie before navigating, or start from an isolated browser state. A post-visit clear followed by reload is useful for client-side setups but does not prove the initial request was cookie-free.
Keep state setup per test where possible. Cypress documents a suite-level option to disable test isolation, but shared state can make tests affect one another; use it only when shared state is deliberate. See Cypress FAQs.
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Playwright: use isolated contexts for clean and saved states
Playwright tests run in isolated browser contexts. Use a clean context for the first-visit screenshot. For a returning visitor, initialize the context with the application’s real cookie before navigating, then assert the UI and compare with expect(page).toHaveScreenshot(). Replace the example origin and value with the actual ones used by your site.
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
test('first visit shows the consent banner', async ({ browser }) => {
const context = await browser.newContext();
const page = await context.newPage();
await page.goto('https://example.com');
await expect(page.getByTestId('cookie-banner')).toBeVisible();
await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot('cookie-banner-first-visit.png');
await context.close();
});
test('saved consent hides the banner', async ({ browser }) => {
const context = await browser.newContext();
await context.addCookies([{
name: 'cookieConsent',
value: 'accepted',
url: 'https://example.com'
}]);
const page = await context.newPage();
await page.goto('https://example.com');
await expect(page.getByTestId('cookie-banner')).toBeHidden();
await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot('cookie-banner-consented.png');
await context.close();
});
For an actual test suite, use its established fixtures and cleanup patterns rather than creating contexts manually in every test. Playwright notes that screenshot rendering can vary with operating system, browser version, settings, hardware, power source, and headless mode; use the same OS and browser versions for visual comparisons. See Visual comparisons and Best Practices.
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Cover the states your consent flow actually supports
| Starting browser state | Expected UI | Useful assertion |
|---|---|---|
| No consent cookie | Consent banner appears | Banner visible; cookie absent until a choice is made |
| Accepted choice saved | Banner stays hidden or saved settings are reflected | Banner hidden; stored value matches the accepted state |
| Rejected or customized choice saved | UI reflects that saved choice | Relevant controls or preference summary and cookie value are correct |
| Malformed, stale, or expired value, if applicable | Application follows its defined recovery behavior | Banner or preference UI matches the documented policy |
The exact cases depend on the site’s implementation. If accept, reject, and custom preferences lead to distinct stored states, test them separately rather than treating every non-empty cookie as equivalent.
Troubleshoot screenshots that show the wrong banner state
- Banner appears despite saved consent: Check the cookie name and value, whether it was set before the request that needs it, and whether its path and domain match the page origin. Verify the cookie actually exists on that origin.
- Banner is missing in a first-visit capture: Ensure the consent cookie was cleared before the first relevant navigation, not only after the application has already read it. Check for other persisted state if the app also uses local storage or session storage.
- Tests pass alone but fail in a suite: Look for shared browser state, disabled test isolation, or tests that change consent without resetting it. Give each screenshot case its own explicit setup.
- Visual diffs vary across CI runs: Stabilize the OS, browser version, viewport, headless mode, and rendering conditions; wait for asynchronous consent initialization and animation to finish before capture.
- Cookie exists but is not sent to a subdomain: Compare the cookie’s actual scope with the tested hostname. Use a host-only cookie only when that matches the application behavior.
Protect screenshots and saved browser state
Screenshots and browser-state files may contain sensitive information. Cypress Cloud documents that recorded runs can store screenshots, videos, and other test data, and describes screenshot blackout controls: Cypress Cloud data storage and controls. Playwright warns that saved authentication state can contain sensitive cookies and headers; keep such files out of source control and handle them as credentials: Playwright authentication. Apply the same care to consent cookies and any test artifacts that include them.
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Or skip the browser setup
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