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What DvP guarantees—and what it does not
Delivery-versus-payment links the transfer of two assets so that one transfer occurs if and only if the other does. That is the definition used in the European Central Bank and Bank of Japan’s Project Stella report. In the Solana Foundation’s documented program, both token transfers happen in one Solana transaction: either both take effect or neither does.
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The program documentation says to treat a trade as settled when its transaction reaches the finalized commitment level. That is a network commitment point, not a universal legal conclusion. Whether it satisfies settlement-finality requirements depends on the parties’ agreement and applicable legal and regulatory regimes.
Atomic execution addresses the risk that one party delivers its on-chain leg while the other does not. It does not make a token solvent or redeemable, settle an off-ledger cash leg, ensure legal or regulatory compliance, guarantee the settlement authority is available, or prevent every mint authority from acting on escrowed tokens. The program also does not provide price discovery, an order book, matching, netting, partial fills, automatic execution, or program-level KYC or eligibility checks.
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Choose between program-owned escrow and delegated transfers
The two documented patterns have different custody and authority trade-offs. Choose based on the assets’ compatibility, who should control settlement, and how the parties will handle failure or recovery—not on an assumption that one design is always safer.
| Decision | Program-owned escrow | Delegated transfers |
|---|---|---|
| Where assets sit before settlement | Each trade leg is held in a separate program-owned escrow token account. | Assets remain in the parties’ token accounts under delegated authority until transfer. |
| Who executes settlement | A named settlement authority can settle or cancel. The program routes proceeds to the destinations recorded for the trade; that authority cannot redirect them. | A settlement agent uses the parties’ delegated authority to execute the atomic exchange. |
| Program dependency | Depends on the Solana Foundation DvP program, which the Foundation documentation describes as upgradeable. | Does not depend on the DvP program. |
| Mint compatibility | Rejects TransferFee, InterestBearing, Scaled UI Amount, and NonTransferable extensions. | The Foundation’s delegation guide says the pattern can support Scaled UI Amount mints rejected by the DvP program. |
| Controls and recovery | A party may reclaim its own leg before settlement; issuer freeze, pause, delegate, and hook controls may still affect escrowed tokens. | Delegation and token-account authority management create a different trust and operational model; check the live guide and token-program behavior before implementation. |
| Market workflow | Supports bilateral trades, not order books, matching, netting, or partial fills. | The documented example coordinates a bilateral atomic transfer; it is not market infrastructure. |
The Foundation’s delegation guide is educational material, not production-ready code. It advises against using its code directly in production without comprehensive audits, proper key management, regulatory compliance review, legal consultation, and extensive testing and modifications.
Structure a trade with the DvP program
The program is bilateral: it does not discover prices or match orders. Use the following sequence for a trade whose two legs are Solana token accounts.
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Agree the terms off-chain
Identify the asset-leg party (
user_a) and cash-leg party (user_b); specify each mint, amount in base units, and settlement destination; name a settlement authority that is neither party; and agree on any earliest-settlement and expiry timestamps. Confirm how token eligibility, issuer approvals, and any off-chain obligations will be handled. -
Create the trade record
CreateDvpcreates a program-ownedSwapDvprecord, a single-use nonce marker, and two escrow token accounts. It does not move tokens. Record creation is permissionless, so the existence of a record does not prove that both parties agreed to its terms. -
Read and verify the record before funding
Confirm that the account is owned by the DvP program and is exactly 458 bytes, the account size documented by the Foundation in 2026. Check both parties, both mint addresses, the settlement authority, amounts, timestamps, and both destinations against the off-chain agreement. This check helps detect a forged record or proceeds redirected to the wrong destination.
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Check mint behavior, then fund both legs
Before either party transfers tokens, check the mint’s token program, extensions, freeze or pause controls, transfer-hook accounts, and account-eligibility rules. Each party funds its escrow with a standard token transfer. A frozen-by-default mint may leave a newly created escrow unable to receive funds until the issuer or transfer agent admits or thaws it.
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Settle or unwind
After both escrows hold at least the agreed amounts and any earliest-settlement time has arrived, the named authority can sign
SettleDvpbefore expiry. The program sends each agreed amount to the other party’s recorded destination, returns any surplus to its originating party, and closes the record and escrows. Verify the record again before settlement.While the trade remains open, either party can reclaim its own leg; the settlement authority can cancel, and either party can reject. If a deposit arrives late in an escrow recreated after closure, the documentation describes a recovery path for that deposit.
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Check token extensions and issuer controls
The Foundation documents support for SPL Token and Token-2022 legs, including pairs that use different token programs, subject to the following extension behavior.
| Mint feature | Documented behavior in the DvP program |
|---|---|
| TransferFee, InterestBearing, Scaled UI Amount, NonTransferable | Rejected by the program. |
| TransferHook | Supported with up to 32 extra accounts per leg. If hook configuration grows beyond that documented cap, transfers—including reclaim and cancel—can fail until the authority reverses the change. |
| PermanentDelegate, Pausable, DefaultAccountState, freeze authority, MintCloseAuthority | Accepted, but the corresponding authorities may affect escrowed tokens. |
| ConfidentialTransfer | Accepted; escrowed and settled amounts remain public. |
Token ACLs and frozen-by-default settings need particular care. An escrow associated token account can begin frozen, causing funding and settlement to fail until the issuer or transfer agent admits or thaws it. Confirm the escrow’s eligibility and the relevant issuer or hook-authority process before funding.
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Check the live deployment and authority assumptions
The Solana Foundation’s DvP documentation reports the mainnet-beta program ID as dvp34bdbcEm4f4FCUjGV4mDAkDshaQR4LkK8fdcsyZq and gives deployment and upgrade-authority information as of October 2, 2026. It reports IDL version 0.1.0 for that date and identifies Cantina as auditor. Because the program is upgradeable, verify the deployed program and generate clients from the deployed IDL rather than assuming an address or interface remains unchanged.
In its October 6, 2026 launch announcement, the Foundation described the open-source program as released under the MIT license and said it underwent external security audits. An audit is not a guarantee that a program is free of risk or that it suits a particular transaction.
The same announcement says J.P. Morgan provided input on institutional settlement practices. It expressly cautions that this does not mean J.P. Morgan designed, developed, operates, approved, certified, warrants, endorses, or guarantees the program. Treat the statement as attributed input, not certification or endorsement.
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