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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteKeep the original receipt, its verification key and trust context, and every associated chain or transparency proof together. Later, verify the receipt’s signature against that key, check any chain or log proof separately, and record exactly what passed. A valid signature establishes integrity under a particular key; it does not prove that an AI decision was true, fair, safe, or authorized.
What a signed AI receipt can—and cannot—show
A receipt is a structured record cryptographically bound to a signing key. Depending on its format, it may commit to event details, hashes of inputs or outputs, a link to an earlier receipt, or proof that the event was entered into a transparency log. These are distinct claims, and they require distinct checks.
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- Signature: verifies that particular bytes were signed under a particular key and have not changed since signing.
- Hash-chain link: can establish a relationship to a specified earlier receipt, if the link is validated against the relevant predecessor.
- Transparency proof: can establish inclusion in a log relative to a signed root, if the inclusion path and the service’s signature are verified.
None of these checks, by itself, establishes that the issuer’s claims are accurate or that the AI behaved appropriately. RFC 9943 puts the limit plainly: “Transparency does not prevent dishonest or compromised Issuers, but it holds them accountable.” A verifier must also assess whether the signing key is bound to the claimed identity and authorized for the relevant purpose. RFC 9943
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Save an evidence set that lets a future verifier repeat the checks without depending on the issuing application remaining available. Preserve the receipt exactly as received; do not edit signed fields or reformat signed data. If a format requires canonicalization, retain the format and version information needed to reproduce the signed representation.
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- Receipt and format details: the exact receipt bytes, its format and version, and the applicable canonicalization and signature rules.
- Key and trust context: the verification key, how it was obtained, and the identity or policy information used to decide why that key is trusted for this issuer or service. Record which key and trust context were used for each verification.
- Proof material: any chain predecessor information, transparency inclusion proof, ledger position or transaction identifier, signed tree root, and transparency service verification key that the receipt’s design requires.
- Supporting evidence, where needed: if an investigation needs original prompts, outputs, or other source records, keep them under separate access controls rather than assuming a fingerprint can recreate them.
Store the evidence in durable, access-controlled storage. Where auditability or detection of deletion and reordering matters, maintain an append-only or otherwise tamper-evident history. Keep verification material independent of the system being audited where practical. There is no single storage vendor, retention period, or archive format established by the specifications cited here.
Handle hashes and sensitive content deliberately
Some receipt designs omit prompts and model outputs and store SHA-256 fingerprints instead. The ADR specification describes this as a privacy-oriented design approach, not a universal rule. A hash does not let an auditor reconstruct the original content. It can still reveal that two records have the same value, and a hash of a low-entropy value may be guessable. Decide whether a fingerprint is sufficient for the audit purpose, and protect any separately retained source material accordingly.
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How to verify a receipt
Use the receipt’s own format rules; different formats may define different signing inputs, canonicalization, and proof structures. Keep signature verification separate from chain and transparency checks so a successful check is not mistaken for a stronger claim.
- Preserve and identify it. Work from the original receipt. Identify its format and version, and determine which fields or byte representation are covered by the signature.
- Resolve the verification key. Obtain the signer or service key through a trust mechanism accepted by the verifier. Check the identity binding and applicable authorization policy; note the key and trust context used.
- Recreate the signed representation and verify the signature. Recompute any required digest or canonical byte sequence, then run the format’s prescribed signature-verification procedure. RFC 9943 directs relying parties to the process in RFC 9052 for its architecture. A pass means the signature verifies under the key used; it is not, on its own, proof that the key belongs to the claimed party.
- Check chain or transparency evidence separately. For a chain, validate the link to the expected predecessor. For a transparency receipt, validate the inclusion path against the signed root and verify the service’s signature on that root or receipt. Microsoft’s Signing Transparency Ledger documentation describes a COSE_Sign1 receipt with a detached Merkle-root payload: the verifier reconstructs the root from the inclusion path and checks the service signature against the published key. Microsoft Learn: Signing Transparency Ledger concepts
- Write a scoped verification result. State which receipt bytes or signature verified, under which key and trust context, whether a predecessor link or log inclusion was established, and which checks failed or could not be performed.
If the key, trust context, or required proof material is missing, report that check as unavailable rather than treating it as a pass. If a check fails, preserve the original evidence and report the specific failure; do not silently alter or regenerate the receipt.
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How receipt approaches differ
These examples illustrate distinct designs, not interchangeable formats or evidence of broad industry adoption. Before relying on one, confirm that your verifier can process its format and that you can preserve the keys and proof material it requires.
| Approach | What the cited specification describes | What to assess |
|---|---|---|
| Application-level signed receipt with hash chaining | The ADR specification describes signed JSON records, SHA-256 fingerprints, and chain links. ADR specification | Which event fields are committed; whether content is exposed or only fingerprinted; who controls the signing key; and whether canonicalization, version details, and independent verification tools will remain available. |
| Signed receipt designed for offline verification | SignedReceipt v3 describes RFC 8785-style canonical JSON, ECDSA P-256, chain linking, trust tiers, and self-contained offline verification. Its page says legacy v1/v2 envelopes remain verifiable. SignedReceipt v3 specification | Whether all required keys and trust metadata are available offline, and how the verifier handles format versions and migration. |
| Transparency-service-backed signing record | Microsoft documents append-only registration, inclusion proofs, COSE receipts, Merkle roots, and service signatures. Microsoft Learn | Dependence on the log operator and key discovery; portability of proofs; availability of inclusion or consistency evidence; and the service’s policy and operational controls. |
| Standards-track transparent statement architecture | RFC 9943 describes signed statements and receipts with verifiable data structure proofs, and relying-party verification. RFC 9943 | Interoperability depends on which verifiable data structure and receipt formats the relying party accepts and whether it checks every relevant proof layer. |
What to include in an audit record
A useful verification record makes the scope of the result clear to someone who was not present for the check. Record the receipt identifier or a stable digest of the preserved receipt, the format and version, the verification date, the key identifier and trust basis, and the result of each applicable check: signature, chain relationship, and transparency inclusion. Note missing evidence or unavailable checks explicitly. Avoid recording sensitive prompts or outputs in the audit log unless they are necessary and appropriately protected.
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