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npm trusted publishing lets a supported CI/CD workflow publish using OpenID Connect (OIDC) instead of a long-lived npm publish token. To set it up, configure the package’s trusted publisher to match the workflow’s identity, meet npm’s CLI and Node.js minimums, then verify a real publish before removing obsolete automation tokens.
What npm trusted publishing changes—and what it does not
Trusted publishing connects an npm package to a specific CI/CD identity. During a permitted publish operation, the workflow proves its identity through OIDC and receives short-lived credentials, avoiding a long-lived publish token in CI secrets. npm describes it as publishing “directly from your CI/CD workflows using OpenID Connect (OIDC) authentication, eliminating the need for long-lived npm tokens.” npm’s trusted-publishing documentation explains the feature.
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This is not a replacement for every npm credential or command. OIDC access applies to publishing operations allowed by the configured permissions, including publish, stage-publish, and explicitly permitted distribution-tag operations. It does not authenticate package installation or unrelated npm commands. If CI installs private dependencies, keep a separate read-only granular token for that purpose where needed; do not reuse a publish-capable credential.
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- Use npm CLI 11.5.1 or later and Node.js 22.14.0 or later for trusted publishing, as specified in npm’s requirements.
- Use a currently documented provider and eligible runner: GitHub Actions on GitHub-hosted runners, GitLab CI/CD on GitLab.com shared runners, or CircleCI cloud. Self-hosted runners are not currently supported. See npm’s provider support details.
- Identify the exact repository or project and workflow or pipeline definition that will publish. npm checks identity claims against the trusted-publisher configuration, so names and paths must match.
- Decide whether CI should release directly or submit a staged package for human review. Trusted-publisher permissions can be limited to stage publishing where an approval gate is required.
Configure the package and CI provider
In the package settings on npmjs.com, open the trusted-publishing section and add a publisher connection for the provider that runs the release. npm also documents CLI npm trust commands for creating these relationships; a direct-publish or stage-publish permission is required. Provider-specific fields and permissions are detailed in npm’s setup guide.
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GitHub Actions
- In the npm package’s trusted-publishing settings, select GitHub Actions and enter the owner or organization, repository, and workflow filename. Enter only the filename, including its
.ymlor.yamlextension; add a GitHub environment if the workflow uses one and the configuration calls for it. - In the publishing workflow, grant the job permission to request an OIDC token by setting
id-token: write. - Run the configured workflow on a GitHub-hosted runner. A repository, workflow filename, or environment mismatch can prevent authentication.
GitLab CI/CD
- In the npm package’s trusted-publishing settings, select GitLab and enter the namespace, project, CI file path, and optional environment to match the publishing pipeline.
- Configure the GitLab job’s
id_tokensaudience asnpm:registry.npmjs.org. - Run the pipeline on a GitLab.com shared runner and verify that it can publish under the configured identity.
CircleCI
- In the npm package’s trusted-publishing settings, select CircleCI and provide the organization, project, and pipeline definition IDs, along with the VCS origin.
- Configure the workflow to obtain an audience-scoped OIDC token and make it available to npm as
NPM_ID_TOKEN, following npm’s CircleCI instructions. - Run the intended CircleCI cloud pipeline and confirm that the trusted publish succeeds.
Verify the new flow before revoking tokens
A newly created trusted-publisher configuration must complete its first successful publish within two days or it expires. Plan a real release or suitable staged publish promptly after setup. npm does not validate every configured identity field when the connection is saved, so a successful save alone is not proof that the workflow is configured correctly.
- Trigger the intended workflow or pipeline using the supported runner and the required CLI and Node.js versions.
- Confirm the publish or stage-publish operation succeeds through OIDC.
- If authentication fails, compare the configured identity with the actual run: check repository or namespace, project, workflow filename or CI file path, environment, and provider-specific token setup. For GitHub, check
id-token: write; for GitLab, check the exact audience value. - Only after the new flow works, restrict traditional token-based publishing in package settings if that matches your release process, then revoke automation tokens that are no longer needed.
What provenance you get by provider
Trusted publishing and provenance are related but not identical. Automatic provenance depends on both provider and repository or package eligibility; it is not guaranteed merely because a package uses OIDC.
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| Provider | Documented runner | Identity and OIDC details | Automatic provenance |
|---|---|---|---|
| GitHub Actions | GitHub-hosted runners | Owner or organization, repository, workflow filename, optional environment; grant id-token: write. |
Supported for qualifying public repositories and packages; private repositories do not qualify. |
| GitLab CI/CD | GitLab.com shared runners | Namespace, project, CI file path, optional environment; token audience npm:registry.npmjs.org. |
Supported for qualifying public repositories and packages; private repositories do not qualify. |
| CircleCI | CircleCI cloud | Organization, project and pipeline definition IDs, VCS origin; provide an audience-scoped OIDC token to npm as NPM_ID_TOKEN. |
Trusted publishes do not currently generate automatic provenance. |
These provider and provenance limits are described in npm’s trusted-publishing documentation. If provenance is a release requirement, confirm that the repository and package qualify as well as using an eligible provider.
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Common setup failures and boundaries
- GitHub authentication fails: confirm the repository owner and name, workflow filename including its extension, optional environment, GitHub-hosted runner, and
id-token: writepermission. - GitLab authentication fails: confirm the namespace, project, CI file path, optional environment, GitLab.com shared runner, and token audience exactly equals
npm:registry.npmjs.org. - CircleCI authentication fails: check the configured organization, project and pipeline definition IDs, VCS origin, token audience, and availability of the token as
NPM_ID_TOKEN. - Private dependency installation breaks after removing a token: trusted publishing does not authenticate installs. Restore or retain a separate read-only granular token for private package reads where required.
- A provenance statement is missing: check whether the provider and repository/package qualify. CircleCI trusted publishing and private repositories do not currently receive automatic provenance under npm’s documented conditions.
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