Use a committed package-lock.json to keep npm’s resolved dependency tree repeatable, and use npm ci in CI and deployment to install that tree without rewriting the manifest or lockfile. For additional checks, run npm audit for known vulnerability reports and, where supported, npm audit signatures for registry signatures and provenance attestations. These controls improve consistency and visibility; none certifies that package code is safe.
What pinning controls—and what it does not
npm dependency pinning involves two related controls that serve different purposes. The package.json manifest declares your project’s direct dependencies. A committed package-lock.json records the resolved dependency tree, including transitive packages, so later installs can reproduce it. npm recommends committing the lockfile so teammates, deployments, and CI use the same tree. npm’s package-lock documentation describes the lockfile and its role.
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For a newly added direct dependency, npm install --save-exact <package> saves an exact version in package.json rather than the semver range npm ordinarily saves. This narrows the version declaration for that direct dependency; it does not replace the lockfile, which captures the project’s resolved tree. Existing semver ranges can still support repeatable installs when the locked versions satisfy them. npm’s install documentation explains these behaviors.
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How to pin dependencies and review changes
Save an exact version when adding a direct dependency
- From the project directory, run
npm install --save-exact <package>, replacing<package>with the package name. You can also configure npm’ssave-exactsetting if you want exact versions saved by default. - Review the resulting changes to
package.jsonandpackage-lock.json. Confirm the manifest declaration is the versioning policy you intend, and inspect the resolved tree recorded in the lockfile.
Commit and review the lockfile
Commit package-lock.json alongside the manifest. When you run npm install, npm can update the lockfile if previously locked versions no longer satisfy the manifest’s ranges. Treat that as a dependency change to review rather than an incidental file update. Inspect the diff for packages added, removed, or changed, along with resolution and integrity data. The lockfile’s integrity field is an artifact-integrity value for the package content at that location—not a general trust assessment. npm documents the lockfile format and integrity metadata.
Use npm ci for repeatable CI and deployment installs
Run npm ci in continuous integration and deployment environments when the committed lockfile is the intended dependency tree. Unlike an ordinary install, npm ci requires a package lock, removes an existing node_modules directory, fails if the lockfile and package.json disagree, and does not write either file. Those properties make it a clean, frozen install—not a vulnerability scan. See npm’s npm ci documentation.
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- Commit
package.jsonandpackage-lock.jsontogether. - In the CI or deployment job, install with
npm cifrom the project directory. - If the lockfile was generated with tree-shaping options such as
--legacy-peer-depsor--install-links, use the same settings withnpm ci. A project-level.npmrccan preserve those settings for the team and CI.
If npm ci reports a manifest/lockfile mismatch, resolve it deliberately: update the lockfile through a reviewed dependency change, then commit the synchronized files. Do not treat the failure as a reason to let CI rewrite dependencies. Confirm the npm CLI version and relevant flags used by your team; these command behaviors and options are version-sensitive.
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Known vulnerabilities: npm audit
Run npm audit to ask the configured registry for information about known vulnerabilities in project dependencies. Its report can identify affected dependency paths and suggested fixes, but it is not a general assessment of package behavior or a certification that dependencies are safe. Some findings require manual intervention. Review the proposed dependency changes before applying npm audit fix. The npm CLI v11 audit documentation covers the command; npm also explains the audit process in its dependency vulnerability auditing guide.
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Registry signatures and provenance: npm audit signatures
Where supported, run npm audit signatures to verify registry signatures and provenance attestations for downloaded packages. This is distinct from an audit for known vulnerabilities: it checks supported signature and provenance information, not whether the package’s code is harmless or whether a publisher account was uncompromised. Check the npm audit command documentation for the applicable CLI behavior.
What each control tells you
| Control | What it helps establish | What it does not establish |
|---|---|---|
Exact version in package.json |
The declared version for a direct dependency added with --save-exact. |
That the selected package is safe, or the full resolved tree by itself. |
Committed package-lock.json |
The resolved project dependency tree for repeatable installs; it also records artifact-integrity metadata. | A complete assessment of package trust or behavior. |
npm ci |
A clean install using the lockfile, with a check that it agrees with the manifest and without rewriting either file. | Whether dependencies contain known vulnerabilities or malicious behavior. |
npm audit |
Known vulnerability information reported by the configured registry. | Whether code is free of vulnerabilities or other harmful behavior. |
npm audit signatures |
Supported registry signatures and provenance attestations for downloaded packages. | Whether the code is benign or the publisher account is uncompromised. |
Use these checks together because they answer different questions: what versions are selected, whether installs reproduce the committed tree, what known vulnerabilities are reported, and whether supported signature or provenance information verifies. They reduce uncertainty and make dependency changes reviewable, but they do not prove every dependency is trustworthy.
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