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What the production layout looks like
A useful deployment has four separate boundaries:
| Layer | Role | What should be public |
|---|---|---|
| Internet and DNS | Your wiki hostname resolves to the VPS address. | Only the hostname and HTTPS endpoint. |
| Nginx | Terminates TLS, applies proxy-level checks, and forwards requests. | TCP ports 80 and 443. |
| Production WSGI server | Loads MoinMoin’s WSGI callable and serves Python requests. | A private localhost port or Unix socket only. |
| MoinMoin instance | Stores pages, configuration, attachments, and search data. | Never expose the instance directory as Nginx static content. |
The public request path is therefore browser → Nginx → WSGI server → MoinMoin. Nginx can proxy HTTP to a localhost listener, or it can use uWSGI’s native protocol with uwsgi_pass. The socket or port, service manager, certificate paths, and domain name are deployment choices; keep them outside the wiki data directory.
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MoinMoin’s own guidance describes the built-in Werkzeug server as appropriate for development, debugging, and small personal use, not for a public production wiki. Its installation documentation says, “For production, please use a real web server like Apache or nginx.”
Choose how to install MoinMoin
The official installation workflow supports a distribution package, a Python virtual environment, or a PyPI installation. The choice changes who is responsible for updates.
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| Method | Typical command | Maintenance responsibility | Best fit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distribution package | sudo apt install moin on Debian or Ubuntu |
Your distribution may provide an update mechanism and security fixes. | Administrators who prefer operating-system integration. |
| Virtual environment | python3 -m venv /srv/moin/venvsource /srv/moin/venv/bin/activatepip install --pre moin |
You must monitor MoinMoin releases and install updates and security fixes. | Sites that need an isolated, reproducible Python environment. |
| PyPI installation without a dedicated environment | Install the MoinMoin package with your chosen Python packaging workflow. | You are responsible for the package lifecycle and for avoiding conflicts with other applications. | Existing Python operations that already manage package isolation. |
Do not mix files from an operating-system package and a virtual environment casually. Pick one installation source, record its paths, and use the matching Moin command and Python interpreter in your service definition.
Prepare the VPS before installing
Create a dedicated service account
Create an unprivileged account such as moin for the WSGI process. The account should own the instance data and configuration it must write, but it should not have administrative login privileges. Keep administrative work—package installation, firewall changes, and Nginx configuration—under your normal administrator account or through sudo.
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A practical layout is:
/srv/moin/venvfor the virtual environment, if you use one./srv/moin/wikifor one MoinMoin instance and itswikiconfig.py./srv/moin/moin.wsgifor the small WSGI entry-point file./etc/nginx/for Nginx configuration and/etc/letsencrypt/(or your certificate manager’s directory) for TLS material.
The exact paths are yours to choose. The important boundary is that Nginx must not serve the instance directory, configuration, or search/index files as static assets.
Limit network exposure
At the VPS firewall, allow SSH for administration and HTTP/HTTPS for the public site. Do not open the WSGI port if the service binds to localhost, and do not expose a Unix socket through the network. Bind the application privately even if Nginx is currently on the same machine; that keeps an accidental service restart or configuration change from publishing the development listener.
Install MoinMoin and create the wiki instance
Virtual-environment installation
- Install Python 3 and the operating-system tools needed to create a virtual environment.
- Create and activate the environment:
python3 -m venv /srv/moin/venv source /srv/moin/venv/bin/activate - Install MoinMoin from the package index:
pip install --pre moin - Confirm that the command is available:
moin --help
The --pre option follows the installation workflow documented by the MoinMoin project. If you instead use a distribution package, install it with your distribution’s package manager and run the supplied moin command from that installation.
Create a separate instance directory
Create one instance per wiki. From the environment that contains MoinMoin, run:
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moin create-instance --path /srv/moin/wikiEnter the new instance directory and edit its wikiconfig.py. Keep ownership and permissions tight enough that only the service account and administrators can read secrets or alter the wiki.
Initialize storage and the search index
Before the first public request, initialize the instance’s storage and indexes:
cd /srv/moin/wiki
moin index-createSkipping this step can leave a site that appears to start but has incomplete search behavior or uninitialized storage. Run the command with the same installation and instance paths that your production service will use.
Optional starter content and migration
For a new wiki, you can load starter material:
moin welcome
moin load-help -n help-en
moin load-help -n help-commonIf you are moving from a MoinMoin 1.9 installation, use the documented import command instead of copying old data blindly:
moin import19Make a backup of the original 1.9 data before conversion and verify pages, attachments, permissions, and search results after the import.
Review wikiconfig.py before exposing the site
The generated configuration is a starting point, not a production policy. Review each of these settings deliberately:
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| Setting or area | Decision to make | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
sitename |
Set the human-readable wiki name. | It appears in page titles and helps users distinguish this instance. |
interwikiname |
Choose a stable identifier for links to this wiki. | Changing it later can affect interwiki references. |
| ACLs | Define who may read, create, edit, delete, and administer pages. | Permissions are the primary content boundary inside MoinMoin. |
SuperUser and SuperEditor |
Assign these groups or users explicitly. | They control high-impact administrative and editing capabilities. |
| Registration | Decide whether self-registration is open or restricted to a superuser. | Open registration can allow unwanted accounts. |
| Edit locking | Choose the policy for concurrent edits. | Locking reduces accidental overwrites on busy pages. |
| Outgoing email | Configure mail only after deciding which notifications and password workflows you need. | Incorrect mail settings create failed notifications and confusing login recovery. |
| Namespaces and storage backends | Confirm the namespaces and backend choices match your content model. | These choices affect where and how content is stored. |
SECRET_KEY |
Generate a strong, unique value and protect the file permissions. | The key protects security-sensitive application operations; never reuse a public example value. |
Test the resulting policy with an ordinary user account as well as the designated superuser. A configuration that works for the administrator can still deny normal editors or accidentally grant them too much access.
Create the WSGI entry point
MoinMoin’s external-server instructions expose a WSGI callable named application. Create a file such as /srv/moin/moin.wsgi containing:
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application = create_app('/srv/moin/wiki/wikiconfig.py')Use the absolute path to the instance’s configuration. Keep this file readable by the service account, but do not place it in a directory that Nginx serves as static content. The WSGI server imports this callable; Nginx does not import Python code itself.
Run a production WSGI service
Choose a private listener
MoinMoin documents Nginx with uWSGI as a supported combination. You can have uWSGI listen on 127.0.0.1:8000 and let Nginx proxy HTTP, or use a Unix socket and Nginx’s uwsgi_pass directive. A localhost port is easier to inspect during initial setup; a Unix socket avoids a TCP listener and requires correct filesystem permissions.
Illustrative systemd service
The exact executable path depends on whether you used a virtual environment or a distribution package. Adapt the following example to the paths installed on your VPS:
[Unit]
Description=MoinMoin WSGI service
After=network.target
[Service]
User=moin
Group=moin
WorkingDirectory=/srv/moin/wiki
ExecStart=/srv/moin/venv/bin/uwsgi --http 127.0.0.1:8000 --wsgi-file /srv/moin/moin.wsgi --callable application --master --die-on-term
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetSave the unit through your operating system’s service configuration, reload the manager, start the service, and enable it at boot. If your distribution supplies a different uWSGI command or separates protocol parameters into an included file, follow that packaging rather than copying flags unmodified. The key requirements are that the process loads the application callable, runs as the unprivileged account, and listens only on the private endpoint.
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Use the built-in server only for a local check
Before wiring Nginx, you may start MoinMoin’s temporary server with moin run on localhost to verify the configuration and content. Do not bind that development server to a public address. Stop it before enabling the production WSGI service.
Configure Nginx as the reverse proxy
HTTP proxy to a localhost WSGI listener
For a WSGI server speaking HTTP on localhost, a minimal virtual host has this shape:
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name wiki.example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/wiki.example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/wiki.example.com/privkey.pem;
location / {
include proxy_params;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
}
}Replace the example hostname, certificate paths, and listener with the values for your deployment. Keep the WSGI endpoint private; only Nginx should be reachable from the Internet.
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uWSGI native protocol
If uWSGI listens on a Unix socket or another uWSGI endpoint, use the matching Nginx directive:
location / {
include uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass unix:/run/moin/moin.sock;
}Distributions may provide a different include file or socket location. The include must supply the uWSGI parameters expected by that package, and the Nginx worker must have permission to connect to the socket.
Redirect plain HTTP to HTTPS
Serve port 80 only to redirect the wiki hostname to its TLS URL. Obtain and renew a certificate with the certificate-management method you selected, then test both the redirect and certificate chain from an external client. TLS should terminate at Nginx; the private hop to the WSGI process can remain on localhost or a Unix socket.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Verify the deployment in a controlled order
- Run
moin --helpunder the same account or environment used during installation; this confirms the command resolves. - Confirm that the instance directory exists, its
wikiconfig.pyis readable by the service account, andmoin index-createcompleted successfully. - Use
moin runon localhost for a short configuration and content check, then stop it. - Start the production WSGI service and confirm that its private port or Unix socket is reachable locally.
- Enable the Nginx site, validate its configuration, reload Nginx, and request the hostname over HTTPS.
- Check that HTTP redirects to HTTPS and that the certificate presented matches the wiki hostname.
- Read both Nginx access/error logs and the WSGI service logs while loading the home page and logging in.
- Test an ordinary user’s ACLs, a superuser action, a page edit, an attachment upload, search, and a service restart.
- After the restart, verify that edits, attachments, permissions, and the search index persist.
Testing both authorized and unauthorized actions is essential: a successful home-page response proves routing, not that ACLs or registration policy are correct.
Security and operational boundaries
Proxy and application validation
The MoinMoin security guidance recommends placing the wiki behind a reverse proxy such as Nginx and enforcing validation at the proxy or WSGI level. Keep request filtering, TLS policy, and public exposure in Nginx; keep authorization and page-level permissions in MoinMoin. Neither layer replaces the other.
Permissions and secrets
- Run the WSGI process as the dedicated unprivileged account.
- Restrict read access to
wikiconfig.py, especially theSECRET_KEYand mail credentials. - Store the instance and search/index state outside every Nginx static root.
- Do not commit the configuration or secret key to a public repository.
- Keep SSH access restricted and avoid opening the private WSGI port in the firewall.
Updates
With a virtualenv or PyPI installation, you—not the operating system—must monitor MoinMoin releases and apply updates and security fixes. Distribution packages may offer an update channel, but you still need to verify that updates are installed and that the service restarts cleanly. Record the package source and version so a future administrator can reproduce the environment.
Backups
Back up the instance data, wikiconfig.py, and the search/index state on a schedule appropriate to the value and editing frequency of the wiki. Protect backups as carefully as the live files because they may contain private pages, credentials, or the secret key. Periodically restore a copy to a separate test instance; a backup that has never been restored is only an assumption.
Built-in server versus production WSGI deployment
| Characteristic | moin run built-in server |
WSGI server behind Nginx |
|---|---|---|
| Intended use | Development, debugging, and small personal use. | Public or otherwise real production deployments. |
| Public TLS and proxy controls | Not supplied as a complete edge-security boundary. | Nginx handles TLS, redirects, and proxy-level validation. |
| Process isolation | Easy to start manually, but commonly run as a foreground development process. | Can run under a dedicated account and a service manager with restart policy. |
| Failure handling | Manual restart and limited operational integration. | Service-manager supervision, logs, and controlled restarts. |
| Recommendation | Use only for local checks or debugging. | Use for the externally reachable wiki. |
The project states plainly that “Using the built-in server for public wikis is not recommended.” Treat that as a deployment boundary, not merely a performance suggestion.
Common failures and how to correct them
| Symptom | Likely cause | Correction |
|---|---|---|
moin: command not found |
The virtual environment is not activated, or the service uses a different Python installation. | Activate the environment for interactive commands and use its absolute executable path in the service unit. |
| The service starts but reports missing storage or search data. | The instance was created but moin index-create was not run, or it ran against a different path. |
Run the command from the intended instance with the same installation used by production. |
| Nginx returns 502 Bad Gateway. | The WSGI service is stopped, listening on another port/socket, or the socket permissions deny Nginx access. | Inspect the WSGI logs, verify the private listener locally, compare proxy_pass or uwsgi_pass with the service configuration, and correct ownership or group permissions. |
| Nginx shows the default site or serves files unexpectedly. | The wiki virtual host is not enabled, the hostname does not match, or the instance directory was placed under a static root. | Match the server_name, remove conflicting static exposure, and reload Nginx after validating its configuration. |
| Users can view pages but cannot edit or administer. | ACLs, SuperEditor, or SuperUser are not configured for the intended accounts. |
Review the ACL rules while logged in as both an ordinary user and the designated administrator. |
| Registration creates accounts when it should not. | The registration policy remains open. | Restrict registration to a superuser in wikiconfig.py and retest with a logged-out browser. |
| Search misses newly created pages. | The index was never initialized or is stale after a migration. | Check the index state and run the documented index command against the correct instance. |
| Email notifications fail. | Outgoing mail settings are incomplete or the VPS cannot reach the configured mail service. | Review mail configuration and service logs; do not expose credentials in Nginx or page content. |
| The site works until a reboot. | The WSGI service or Nginx is not enabled at boot, or it depends on a temporary path. | Enable both services, use persistent instance and socket directories, and perform a reboot test before launch. |
Decide whether this VPS design fits your wiki
The official material does not establish a universal VPS size, request-per-second figure, or adoption benchmark. MoinMoin’s resource needs depend on page volume, attachment storage, search activity, concurrent editors, and the rest of the software running on the VPS. Start with a modest instance appropriate to your operating system and workload, monitor memory, CPU, disk space, and logs, and expand when measurements—not a generic sizing chart—show a need.
The meaningful decisions are instead architectural:
- Use a distribution package when integrated update management is more important than controlling the Python environment.
- Use a virtualenv when isolation and repeatable paths matter and you can own the update process.
- Use an HTTP proxy when a localhost port makes diagnosis simple; use a Unix socket when you prefer a filesystem boundary and can manage permissions.
- Use Nginx and a production WSGI server for every public deployment; reserve
moin runfor controlled local work.
Launch checklist
- One instance directory exists for this wiki and is not inside an Nginx static directory.
- The selected installation source and update owner are documented.
wikiconfig.pyhas a unique protectedSECRET_KEY, reviewed ACLs, registration policy, edit locking, email settings, namespaces, and backends.- Storage and search were initialized with
moin index-create. - The WSGI file imports
create_appand points to the correct absolute configuration path. - The production WSGI process runs under an unprivileged account and listens only on localhost or a protected Unix socket.
- Nginx terminates TLS, redirects HTTP, proxies to the correct private endpoint, and does not expose wiki data files.
- The firewall allows only required SSH and HTTP/HTTPS traffic.
- Logs, restart behavior, ACLs, edits, attachments, search, and persistence have all been tested.
- Backups include instance data, configuration, and search/index state, with a tested restore procedure.
With those boundaries in place, MoinMoin remains responsible for wiki behavior while Nginx supplies the public HTTPS edge and the WSGI server supplies the production application process. The result is a maintainable self-hosted wiki rather than a development server accidentally left on the Internet.
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