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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchSecure an operational technology (OT) network by reducing unnecessary internet exposure, separating OT from business IT, tightly controlling remote access, and making security changes through a process that protects safety and continuity. The available official guidance treats AI as a reason familiar cyber risks may be automated or scaled—not as evidence of a separate, established method for attacking OT or a wholly different defense architecture.
What AI changes—and what it does not
OT includes the systems and devices used to monitor or control physical processes. A cyber incident in these environments can affect more than data: it may disrupt production or essential services, or create unsafe operating conditions. Security decisions therefore have to account for the equipment, process, and people responsible for operating the site.
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AI-assisted attacks deserve attention because automation can help adversaries scale familiar activities, such as finding exposed systems or preparing convincing messages. But the official materials cited here do not establish a distinct AI-driven OT attack technique or a defense model that replaces established OT security practices. The practical response is to reduce opportunities for unauthorized access, limit what a compromised account or device can reach, and prepare to respond without compromising safe operations.
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CISA’s January 14, 2025 announcement describes a voluntary information-sharing playbook for AI-related cybersecurity incidents and vulnerabilities. It is a collaboration resource, not evidence that AI has produced a unique OT attack method. Read CISA’s JCDC AI Cybersecurity Collaboration Playbook announcement.
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Start with a site-aware inventory
You cannot reliably reduce exposure or contain an incident if you do not know which assets exist, how they connect, and which outside parties can reach them. Build an inventory with the people who understand the site’s control systems and operating dependencies; a network diagram alone may not capture how equipment is used or what depends on it.
- List OT assets. Record known control-system devices and supporting systems, their locations or network zones, and the operational function they serve. Include systems that communicate with business IT or external services.
- Map connections and dependencies. Document links between OT and business networks, the services and systems needed for operation, and connections to vendors or other third parties. Note which communications are necessary for the process.
- Record external access. Identify public-facing assets, remote-access methods, accounts, and the parties that use them. Include access paths that are less visible than a direct internet connection, such as a connection routed through an intermediary system.
- Assign operational ownership. Identify the control-system and operational staff who can confirm why an asset or connection is needed and what could happen if it changes or becomes unavailable.
Keep this information current as systems, vendor arrangements, and network connections change. The aim is not to produce a diagram for its own sake; it is to make decisions about exposure, access, and incident response with a working picture of the site.
For an inventory to be useful during a security review, connect each asset to the decisions it informs. If a device is internet-reachable, identify the operational reason and owner for that access. If it communicates across the IT/OT boundary, record the function of that communication. If a vendor uses a route into the environment, note who authorizes it and which systems it can reach. That context helps distinguish an exposure that can be removed from one that requires a carefully planned alternative.
Find and reduce internet exposure
Identify OT assets reachable from the public internet, then determine whether each one genuinely needs to be reachable. CISA’s June 4, 2025 Internet Exposure Reduction Guidance recommends identifying internet-accessible assets, removing unnecessary public access, and mitigating risks for assets that must remain reachable.
A joint CISA, FBI, EPA, and DOE fact sheet dated May 6, 2025 puts the risk plainly: “OT devices are easy targets when connected to the internet.” The agencies warn that some exposed OT devices lack authentication and authorization resistant to modern threats. Read the joint fact sheet, Primary Mitigations to Reduce Cyber Threats to Operational Technology.
- Identify public reachability. Use the asset inventory and network knowledge to find OT devices and access paths exposed to the internet. Confirm findings with the staff responsible for the systems rather than assuming every reachable service is intended or approved.
- Decide what must remain reachable. For every exposed asset or route, document the operational reason for public access and who owns that decision. If there is no continuing operational need, plan to remove the exposure.
- Remove unnecessary connections. Coordinate network changes with operations and control-system owners. Verify that removing a connection will not interrupt a required process, support arrangement, or safety function.
- Mitigate unavoidable exposure. Where a connection must remain, assess how access is authenticated, who can use it, and what systems it can reach. Reduce exposure to what the operational need requires and monitor the exposed device or route.
Do not treat a device as safe merely because it is old, obscure, or part of a specialized process. Nor should removing access be an uncoordinated switch change: confirm dependencies and the operational impact first.
Use a consistent decision for each public-facing asset: is the access necessary, who accepts responsibility for that need, and what will reduce the risk while it remains? A device that cannot be removed from public reach should not be treated as equivalent to one that has no continuing need for access. The first requires ongoing risk mitigation and review; the second should have a coordinated plan to eliminate the unnecessary connection.
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Change default credentials and manage accounts
The May 6, 2025 joint fact sheet recommends replacing default credentials with strong, unique passwords. Default credentials can leave a system accessible to anyone who knows or can discover the standard login, while reusing a password can make access to one system a route into others.
- Find systems that still use manufacturer or installer defaults, and prioritize exposed assets and remote-access routes for remediation.
- Use a strong, unique password for each account or system rather than reusing credentials across devices.
- Confirm who needs each account and remove or change access that is no longer required, following the site’s operational change process.
- Coordinate credential changes with the people and services that depend on them so a security improvement does not unexpectedly interrupt operations.
Some OT devices have limited security capabilities. If a device cannot support the desired authentication controls, document that constraint and reduce risk through its network placement and the access paths permitted to it. Do not assume that a device is protected just because a stronger login is unavailable.
Credential work should account for systems and services that rely on stored logins as well as people who sign in directly. Before changing an account, have the system owner confirm what uses it and how the change will be coordinated. The goal is to replace weak or default access while avoiding a preventable loss of a required function. Where stronger authentication is not supported by a device, limit which routes can reach it and include the limitation in the site’s risk review.
Separate OT from business IT to limit lateral movement
Separation between business IT and OT helps prevent a compromise in one environment from becoming unrestricted access to the other. CISA’s #StopRansomware Guide recommends maintaining IT/OT separation, using segmentation to limit lateral movement, and documenting network topology, dependencies, and external access.
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- Map the IT/OT boundary and document approved connections across it.
- Review whether each permitted communication is required for the process or support function it serves.
- Restrict unnecessary pathways and limit access between network zones to what operations require.
- Revisit the boundary when dependencies, vendors, or system configurations change.
Segmentation can reduce the potential reach of an intrusion, but its value depends on the rules and dependencies behind it. A rule that blocks a required connection may disrupt operations; a rule that permits broad access may fail to contain movement. Have network and control-system owners validate the intended design and its effect on the process.
Evaluate separation by the communications it permits and the movement it prevents, not by the number of network zones or devices installed. A useful design documents which systems need to communicate, why the communication is required, and which owner can confirm that need. This makes it possible to review both sides of the tradeoff: whether a rule creates an operational problem and whether it leaves a path broader than necessary.
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Govern remote and third-party access
Remote access can be essential for support or operations, but it creates a route into the environment that must be understood and controlled. Start with the inventory: identify every remote-access path, the systems it can reach, who uses it, and the operational need it serves.
- Remove unneeded routes. Close remote-access connections that no longer have a business or operational purpose, after checking for dependencies.
- Limit the permitted reach. Avoid giving a remote user or connection broader access to OT systems than the task requires. Keep access paths consistent with the site’s IT/OT separation.
- Confirm ownership. Know which internal team or third party is responsible for each connection and who can authorize its use or changes.
- Monitor the route. Include remote and vendor access in the site’s monitoring and incident-response planning, especially where an exposed device or connection must remain in place.
These are governance decisions as well as technical ones. A connection should not remain open simply because it was once convenient; its continuing need, reach, and operational consequences should be understood.
Vendor access deserves the same scrutiny as internal access. Document the third party, the route, the systems reachable through it, and the function it supports. If the support arrangement changes, revisit whether the route is still needed and whether its reach is still appropriate. A remote route that must remain is a continuing exposure to manage, not a reason to stop reviewing who can use it and what it can reach.
Patch and mitigate with operational risk in view
Keeping systems updated matters, but OT patching has to account for equipment compatibility, process dependencies, safety, and availability. CISA’s ICS Recommended Practices resource library includes specific practices covering patch management, antivirus, remote access, incident response, and defense in depth.
- Review relevant advisories. Track vendor notices and identify which OT assets are affected. Use the inventory to determine whether a reported vulnerability applies to equipment at the site.
- Assess the operational impact. Involve operations and control-system owners. Consider what could happen if the change affects equipment, a dependency, or the availability of a process.
- Test where feasible. Evaluate changes in a representative environment where feasible before deploying them to operational systems. Confirm that the change behaves as intended for the site’s equipment and configuration.
- Plan the change and fallback. Coordinate implementation with the people responsible for operations, and establish how the site will respond if the change causes an unexpected problem.
- Apply a mitigation when patching is not suitable. If operational constraints prevent an update, assess other ways to reduce risk, such as reducing exposure or restricting access to the affected asset. Document the reason and revisit the decision as conditions change.
There is no universal patch schedule or change sequence established by the guidance cited here for every OT site. The appropriate response depends on the affected asset, the vulnerability, available vendor information, and the consequences of changing or leaving the system as it is.
Do not treat “patch” and “do nothing” as the only two choices. If an update cannot be applied safely at a given time, the site can still examine whether the affected system is unnecessarily exposed, whether access to it can be restricted, or whether a different mitigation is appropriate. Record why the update was deferred, who owns the decision, and when the condition should be reviewed again. As with other controls, weigh the reduction in cyber risk against compatibility, safety, availability, and continuity for that specific facility.
Make security changes through an OT-aware process
Network-security controls can affect the process they are intended to protect. The CISA-led international Principles of Operational Technology Cybersecurity are intended to help organizations understand how business decisions can affect OT cybersecurity and continuity. Read the October 1, 2024 announcement.
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For practical changes—such as removing an internet connection, changing credentials, segmenting a network, or applying a patch—bring security staff together with the control-system owners and operators who understand the process. Assess the operational and safety impact, coordinate timing, and use a change process suited to the site. A control that is effective in one facility may not be appropriate in another if their equipment, dependencies, or operating constraints differ.
That review should make the operational need and the security purpose explicit. For example, before restricting a communication, confirm what process or support function depends on it; before changing access, confirm which users or services require it; and before deploying a patch, understand how the affected equipment fits into the process. The owner of the control system should be involved in deciding how and when to proceed, rather than being asked to absorb an unplanned consequence after the change.
Prepare incident response that preserves safe operations
An incident plan for an OT environment should involve the people who operate and understand it, not only the organization’s general IT response team. Build response planning around the site’s documented assets, dependencies, network boundaries, and external access so responders can assess a cyber event without overlooking consequences for operations.
- Involve OT personnel in planning and decision-making about incidents that could affect control systems.
- Use the asset inventory and topology documentation to identify affected systems and dependencies.
- Include remote-access routes and third-party connections in the response picture.
- Assess response actions for their effect on safe operation and continuity before carrying them out.
- Coordinate cyber-response decisions with the operational owners responsible for the affected process.
Incident response should be adapted to the facility’s architecture and operating requirements. A response action that is routine in a business network may have different consequences when applied to a system involved in physical operations.
Preparation also means keeping the information responders need usable and current. If the inventory, approved connections, dependencies, or vendor routes are out of date, staff may have difficulty determining what is affected or what a proposed containment step could interrupt. Review those records with OT and security personnel together so each group understands the operational context and the containment options available to the site.
How to evaluate security approaches
No single product or network design is suitable for every OT environment. Compare proposed approaches against the site’s operational requirements rather than treating a device category or vendor as a universal answer. A useful review asks whether the approach reduces public exposure, strengthens OT/IT separation and limits lateral movement, improves visibility into assets and dependencies, and gives the site better control over remote and vendor access.
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Use a repeatable review cycle
OT security is not a one-time network cleanup. New equipment, vendor changes, altered dependencies, or a change in operational need can create exposure that an earlier review did not capture. Revisit the inventory and access decisions whenever the environment changes, and periodically review them with the staff who own the systems.
For each review, check whether the site still knows what assets it has, why external connections remain, which communications are required across network boundaries, and whether the planned security controls remain compatible with safe and continuous operation. CISA’s recommendations provide a basis for those decisions, but the exact controls and order should be adapted to the facility.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does AI-assisted cyberattack risk require a different OT security architecture?
The official materials cited here do not establish a distinct AI-driven OT attack method or a separate defense architecture. Treat AI as a reason familiar cyber risks may be automated or scaled, and focus on exposure reduction, access control, segmentation, and OT-aware response.
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Should OT devices be connected directly to the public internet?
Identify which OT assets are publicly reachable and determine whether each one genuinely needs that access. The May 6, 2025 joint CISA, FBI, EPA, and DOE fact sheet advises removing OT connections to the public internet; if access must remain, mitigate the risk and coordinate decisions with system owners.
What should a site do if an OT system cannot be patched?
Review vendor advisories, confirm the affected asset, and assess the operational impact of an update. If patching is not suitable, consider mitigations such as reducing exposure or restricting access, document the reason for deferring the update, and revisit the decision as conditions change.
How should a facility decide whether to segment an OT network?
Document the IT/OT boundary, dependencies, and communications required for operations, then restrict unnecessary paths. Validate the design with network and control-system owners so it limits lateral movement without blocking a required process or support function.
What should an OT incident response plan include?
Involve OT personnel and operational owners, and base planning on current asset, topology, dependency, remote-access, and vendor-connection information. Assess response actions for their effect on safe operations and continuity before carrying them out.
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Prioritize what the official guidance supports: know the OT assets and dependencies, remove unnecessary internet exposure, replace default credentials with strong unique passwords, separate OT from business IT, and govern remote access. Review patches and other changes with operations and control-system owners so risk reduction does not compromise safety, availability, or continuity. AI does not change that practical starting point.
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