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How to Secure IoT Devices on a Home Network: A Practical Checklist

A practical checklist for securing smart-home devices: strengthen router settings, review and update each device, use trusted setup, and limit network access carefully.
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Secure your router first, then update and review each connected device, set it up through the manufacturer’s supported process, and limit network access where your equipment allows. A guest or IoT network can help separate less-trusted devices, but check whether your phones, hubs, and local services still need to reach them. Router menus and features vary by model, so use the documentation for your exact equipment.

1. Secure the router that connects your devices

Your router is a central control point for the home network used by smart-home devices. NIST’s consumer-grade router cybersecurity profile, published in September 2024, describes security outcomes for routers; it is not a certification of every consumer router. NIST recommends controlling access to router interfaces and limiting access to the interfaces needed for administration.

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  1. Change the router administrator credentials. Replace factory-set credentials with a unique, strong password or passphrase. Change the administrator name too if the router allows it.
  2. Change the Wi-Fi password. Do not keep a factory default or reuse a password from an account or another network.
  3. Install router firmware updates. Turn on automatic updating if the router supports it.
  4. Disable internet-based remote administration unless you need it. Keep management local where possible. NIST IR 8425A, published September 10, 2024, says: “For example, disable by default remote access to the router, especially via the wide area network (WAN) interface. Management access should be confined to local area network (LAN) interfaces.” Read NIST IR 8425A.
  5. Review the connected-device list. Remove devices you no longer use, and consult the router’s manual or vendor documentation for model-specific security and access settings.

Router setting names and availability differ by model and software version. NIST’s announcement on home routers explains their role in networks that support smart-home IoT devices: NIST announcement, September 10, 2024.

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2. Inventory and review every IoT device

Make a list of connected equipment, including TVs, cameras, speakers, doorbells, thermostats, plugs, appliances, and hubs. A written inventory makes it easier to notice devices you have forgotten or that no longer receive support.

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  • Install available software or firmware updates and enable automatic updates when the manufacturer offers them.
  • Replace default device passwords and remove accounts or users that are no longer needed.
  • Review applicable privacy and access settings, including microphone, camera, location, and cloud access.
  • Check the manufacturer’s current support and update information, especially before relying on a device for sensitive functions. If it no longer receives security updates, consider disconnecting or replacing it.

NIST’s consumer IoT security material identifies data protection, secure and configurable software and firmware updates, configuration, and logical access controls as relevant device security features: NIST consumer IoT security feature announcement, August 2019. CISA also advises enabling automatic updates when available in its home guidance: CISA, “5 Steps to Protecting Your Digital Home”.

3. Set up devices through supported, trusted processes

  1. Install the official application from the device manufacturer and follow its supported onboarding steps.
  2. During setup, connect only to the Wi-Fi network you intend to use; avoid unknown or lookalike networks.
  3. Use a unique password for the device account rather than reusing a sensitive account password.
  4. After setup, review the device’s security settings and linked accounts over time.

NIST SP 1800-36, finalized November 25, 2025, describes establishing trust between a network and an IoT device before providing network credentials, including identity and security-posture checks, and maintaining device security through its lifecycle. These are engineering practices; what a household can configure depends on the router and device features available. NIST SP 1800-36.

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4. Reduce unnecessary network access where supported

Consider a guest or IoT network

If your router offers a separate guest or IoT network, consider using it for less-trusted devices. First check whether devices still need to communicate with your phone, a hub, or local services. Network separation can affect those connections, and the behavior depends on the router’s implementation.

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Use device-level rules carefully

If the router lets you restrict a device’s network access, allow only connections you understand it needs. An overly restrictive rule can break normal features, such as app control or communication with a hub.

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Know what MUD does—and does not mean

For more advanced setups, check whether the router and other network components support Manufacturer Usage Description (MUD). NIST’s MUD practice guide describes a compatible network allowing an IoT device to send and receive traffic needed for its intended function while blocking other communications. MUD depends on compatible components and configuration; it is not a feature to assume every consumer router has, and a basic guest network is not equivalent to MUD. NIST SP 1800-15, May 26, 2021.

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5. Recheck the network as devices change

  • Update your inventory and review the router’s connected-device list after adding, replacing, or removing equipment.
  • Check for application and firmware updates periodically, especially for devices without automatic updating.
  • Remove unused devices and revoke old user or app access.
  • After a router reset, replacement, or internet-provider change, review its settings again because defaults may have returned.

These checks apply lifecycle-management principles to a household network; the exact steps depend on your router and device vendors. This checklist reduces common risks, but it is not a security audit or a guarantee against compromise.

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