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Choose the architecture before deploying
There are three practical ways to host several Flask applications on one machine. The right choice depends on how independently the applications must be deployed, how much dependency isolation they need and whether they can share a process failure domain.
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Separate Gunicorn services behind one reverse proxy
This is the default production design for unrelated applications. Each app has its own virtual environment and Gunicorn process. Gunicorn listens only on localhost or a Unix socket, while nginx or Apache accepts public HTTP and HTTPS traffic.
- A dependency change in one application does not alter the other application’s environment.
- Each service can be restarted, rolled back and scaled independently.
- A crash or memory leak is less likely to take every application down.
- The reverse proxy can route different hostnames, such as
app-one.exampleandapp-two.example, to different backends.
Flask’s production guidance describes Flask as a WSGI application and recommends a dedicated WSGI server or a managed hosting platform. It also warns: “Do not use the development server when deploying to production.”
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One WSGI process with DispatcherMiddleware
Werkzeug’s DispatcherMiddleware combines multiple WSGI applications and selects one from the request path. This can be convenient when the applications are maintained together and can use the same Python interpreter, dependency versions and configuration conventions.
The trade-off is tight coupling. One process lifecycle, memory space and failure domain cover every mounted application. A dependency upgrade or process restart affects all of them, and the applications cannot be scaled independently.
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Apache with mod_wsgi
Apache’s mod_wsgi maps requests to WSGI callables inside Apache-managed processes. By default, each WSGI application receives its own application group and sub-interpreter. Compatible applications can share an application group with WSGIApplicationGroup to reduce duplicate imported-module memory, but compatibility must be tested first.
Daemon mode with separate process groups provides stronger isolation than putting every application into one shared group. This is a valid alternative when Apache is already the operational standard, but it requires careful process, interpreter and virtual-environment configuration.
| Design | Routing | Isolation | Deployment and scaling | Resource behavior |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Separate Gunicorn services | nginx or Apache routes hostnames or paths to private sockets or ports | Separate dependencies, processes and restart boundaries | Deploy, roll back and scale each application independently | More duplicate interpreter and import memory, but clearer failure boundaries |
| DispatcherMiddleware | WSGI path-prefix dispatch inside one composed application | Shared interpreter, process and failure domain | One process definition; all mounted apps restart and scale together | Can avoid duplicate imports, but one application’s load affects the shared process |
| Apache/mod_wsgi | Apache virtual-host, URL and WSGI mapping rules | Daemon process groups can isolate applications; shared groups reduce isolation | Managed through Apache and mod_wsgi process settings | Sub-interpreters are separate by default; compatible shared groups can reduce duplicate memory |
Organize projects and identities
Give every application a stable directory and an operating-system identity. A simple layout might look like this:
/srv/flask/
catalog/
.venv/
wsgi.py
requirements.txt
app/
reports/
.venv/
wsgi.py
requirements.txt
app/
Create one virtual environment per project, then install only that application’s pinned dependencies into it. Keep secrets outside source control, preferably in environment files readable only by the service account or in the host’s secret-management system. Do not let one application’s writable upload or cache directory overlap another’s.
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Make each Flask application WSGI-ready
Expose a module-level application
Gunicorn needs an importable WSGI callable. A minimal wsgi.py can expose an application object:
from app import create_app
application = create_app()
Alternatively, expose a Flask object directly:
from app import app
The Gunicorn target uses the Python module name followed by the callable name, such as wsgi:application. Gunicorn also supports an application-factory call such as module:create_app().
Keep configuration app-specific
Read each application’s database URL, secret key, allowed hosts, external API credentials and feature flags from its own environment. Do not assume that importing one project will activate the other project’s configuration. Factory-based applications make this separation explicit and are easier to test with different settings.
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Decide whether nginx or the application serves static assets. A reverse proxy is generally better suited to cacheable CSS, JavaScript and images, while Flask handles dynamic requests. Whichever arrangement you choose, test the generated asset URLs under the final hostname or path prefix; a deployment that works at / can break when mounted below a prefix.
Run every application with its own Gunicorn service
Start with private bindings
From the first application’s directory, activate its virtual environment and test the import:
cd /srv/flask/catalog
. .venv/bin/activate
gunicorn --bind 127.0.0.1:8001 wsgi:application
For a second application:
cd /srv/flask/reports
. .venv/bin/activate
gunicorn --bind 127.0.0.1:8002 wsgi:application
Unix sockets are another option:
gunicorn --bind unix:/run/catalog.sock wsgi:application
gunicorn --bind unix:/run/reports.sock wsgi:application
Use private bindings when a reverse proxy is present. The proxy should be the public HTTP/TLS entry point; do not expose the backend Gunicorn listeners directly to the internet.
Use an application factory when appropriate
gunicorn --bind 127.0.0.1:8001 'app:create_app()'
Quote the target when shell characters such as parentheses are present. Confirm that the factory does not perform one-time work, such as starting a scheduler, every time a worker imports it.
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Choose workers from measurements
There is no universal worker count that fits every Flask application. Measure memory use, request latency, concurrency and error rates under a representative workload. Start conservatively, observe the host and increase workers only when the data shows that additional concurrency helps without exhausting memory. Size each service separately; a reporting app and a low-latency API may need different settings.
Define independent service lifecycles
A process supervisor such as systemd can start each Gunicorn service at boot, restart it after failure and keep its environment separate. A service definition should specify the project directory, virtual-environment executable, bind address, application target, user and environment file.
[Unit]
Description=Catalog Flask application
After=network.target
[Service]
User=catalog
Group=catalog
WorkingDirectory=/srv/flask/catalog
EnvironmentFile=/etc/catalog/catalog.env
ExecStart=/srv/flask/catalog/.venv/bin/gunicorn --bind unix:/run/catalog.sock wsgi:application
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Create a separate unit for the reports application with its own user, directory, environment file and socket. Then reload units, enable them at boot and inspect their status and logs:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now catalog.service reports.service
sudo systemctl status catalog.service
sudo journalctl -u catalog.service -f
Separate units make an application restart a targeted operation rather than a server-wide event. They also make deployment automation safer: update one virtual environment, restart one unit and verify one health check before touching the next application.
Route hostnames with nginx
With separate subdomains, create one server block per hostname. The following example sends requests to Unix sockets:
server {
listen 80;
server_name catalog.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://unix:/run/catalog.sock;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name reports.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://unix:/run/reports.sock;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}
The forwarded headers preserve the original host, client address and protocol so Flask extensions can generate correct URLs and enforce secure-cookie behavior. Configure trusted proxy handling in the application according to the number of proxies in front of it; never trust arbitrary client-supplied forwarding headers on a public backend.
After syntax validation, reload nginx without stopping existing connections:
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sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginx
Terminate TLS at nginx or another controlled edge and forward only the required headers to Gunicorn. Ensure DNS records for every hostname point to the server and that the certificate covers each name.
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Route applications below URL prefixes
Path routing is useful when DNS names are limited, but it requires more application awareness. An nginx configuration can send /catalog/ and /reports/ to different backends:
location /catalog/ {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8001/;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Prefix /catalog;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
location /reports/ {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8002/;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Prefix /reports;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
Whether the prefix is removed before the request reaches Flask depends on the trailing slash and proxy configuration. Test both routing and generated links. If the application must know its external prefix, configure its URL generation or use the appropriate proxy-fix middleware. Check redirects, form actions, static assets, cookies and WebSocket or streaming endpoints individually.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Use DispatcherMiddleware when shared execution is intentional
DispatcherMiddleware mounts valid WSGI applications under path prefixes:
from werkzeug.middleware.dispatcher import DispatcherMiddleware
from frontend_app import application as frontend
from backend_app import application as backend
application = DispatcherMiddleware(frontend, {
'/backend': backend,
})
Run the composed callable with one Gunicorn target, for example gunicorn wsgi:application. The dispatcher chooses backend for requests beginning with /backend and sends other paths to frontend.
- Use compatible versions of Flask, Werkzeug and every shared dependency.
- Make sure configuration, extensions and logging do not rely on conflicting global state.
- Expect one deployment and restart to affect every mounted application.
- Monitor the combined process rather than assuming each application has an independent resource budget.
This arrangement is operationally simpler than multiple services, but it is not equivalent to independent hosting. Choose it because the applications are intentionally coupled, not merely because mounting them is quick.
Use Apache and mod_wsgi when Apache is the platform
mod_wsgi can run WSGI callables in Apache’s process model. Configure each application with the correct Python environment and WSGI entry point. Daemon mode with separate process groups is the safer default when applications have different dependencies or reliability requirements.
WSGIApplicationGroup controls the interpreter group used by an application. The default arrangement gives each WSGI application its own application group and sub-interpreter. A shared group can reduce duplicate imported-module memory, but only use it after verifying that every extension and dependency works correctly with that interpreter arrangement.
Do not mix Apache and nginx casually. Pick one public reverse proxy, document which component owns TLS and access logs, and ensure only one layer rewrites paths or applies authentication headers.
Secure the multi-application boundary
- Bind Gunicorn to localhost or a Unix socket, not a public interface, when a reverse proxy fronts it.
- Use separate service accounts and file permissions where applications have different trust levels.
- Keep secrets in per-application environment files or a secret manager, with restrictive permissions.
- Limit upload, cache and temporary directories so one application cannot write into another application’s tree.
- Validate the original host and forwarded protocol before using them for redirects, absolute URLs or security decisions.
- Apply request-size, timeout and rate limits at the proxy where appropriate, then set application-level timeouts for expensive work.
- Keep access logs and application logs identifiable by service name so failures can be traced to the correct app.
Test routing and independent failure recovery
- From the server, call each private backend directly with a health endpoint and confirm the expected status and response body.
- Call every public hostname and path through nginx or Apache, checking redirects, cookies, static assets and error pages.
- Verify that Flask sees the intended host and HTTPS scheme when requests arrive through the proxy.
- Stop one Gunicorn service and confirm that the other application remains available.
- Restart one service and confirm that its logs, socket ownership and health check recover without changing the other service.
- Perform a deployment rollback for one application and verify that its virtual environment and configuration return to the previous known-good version.
- Load-test applications separately enough to observe memory and latency before selecting worker counts.
Troubleshoot common failures
502 Bad Gateway
Check that the Gunicorn service is running, that the socket or port matches the proxy configuration and that the proxy user can access the socket. Read the Gunicorn and proxy error logs together; a stale socket after a failed restart is a common clue.
404 responses under a prefix
Determine whether the proxy removed the prefix before forwarding. Confirm the Flask routes, trailing slashes and any configured script name or prefix middleware. Test a direct backend request and a public prefixed request separately.
Redirects point to the wrong scheme or hostname
Pass the original Host and X-Forwarded-Proto headers, then configure Flask’s trusted-proxy handling correctly. Do not blindly trust forwarding headers when clients can reach the backend directly.
Static files or cookies fail only in production
Inspect the browser’s requested URL and response headers. Prefix routing, secure-cookie settings, incorrect host handling and proxy path rewriting can all produce an application that renders HTML while its assets or sessions fail.
One app starves the others
Inspect per-service memory, CPU, request latency and worker behavior. Reduce concurrency for the heavy service, move expensive work out of request handlers or split the workload onto another host when the machine cannot provide a safe margin. Shared DispatcherMiddleware processes require particular caution because all mounted applications compete inside the same process model.
When managed hosting is a better fit
Flask’s deployment documentation lists PythonAnywhere, Google App Engine, Google Cloud Run, AWS Elastic Beanstalk and Microsoft Azure as common hosting platforms. These services can remove server patching, proxy configuration and some process-management work. Evaluate their current pricing, regional availability, networking model, logging, deployment workflow and limits for your applications before choosing one. The same architectural decision still applies: deploy applications as independently managed services when they need separate lifecycles, or deliberately compose them when shared execution is acceptable.
Recommended default
For most teams, create one virtual environment and one Gunicorn service per Flask application, bind each privately, and route traffic through a single nginx or Apache reverse proxy. Use hostname routing when applications should behave as independent sites; use path routing only after testing prefix-aware URLs, redirects and static files. Reserve DispatcherMiddleware for applications that are intentionally coupled, and use mod_wsgi when Apache process management is already a deliberate platform choice.
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