Contain the compromised access first, then replace it across every workflow and service that depends on it. Start by tracing what the exposed identity could access or create; revoke credentials known to be compromised, but plan a coordinated cutover when immediate disablement could interrupt production. A revoked key may not invalidate tokens already issued from it.
Which credentials should you rotate?
Do not stop at the token or key found in a package, repository, build log, or deployment system. Trace the identity that issued it and the path it could reach. A compromised credential may have been used to create another key, mint a short-lived token, change permissions, or access additional secrets.
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Build an inventory for the affected time window. Record the identity, credential type, privilege scope, consumers, last use, expiry, and whether it can issue or retrieve other credentials. Include:
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- GitHub tokens, repository or organization secrets, workflow access, and credentials exposed in code,
.envfiles, configuration, or build output. - Cloud keys, service-account or application secrets, temporary access tokens, sessions, and identities that can obtain further credentials.
- CI secret stores, deployment environments, developer machines, integrations, and running workloads that consume any of the above.
Preserve relevant logs and incident records before changing state when doing so will not delay urgent containment. Note the incident window and affected repositories, packages, workflows, runners, principals, and services. Logs can help establish what happened, but their availability and detail depend on the account and configuration.
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Investigate access and changes
For GitHub, review audit-log events associated with the exposed token, secret-scanning alerts, Security Overview, and code search for exposed credentials. Check for unexpected repository or workflow changes and newly created secrets or tokens. These are investigation avenues, not proof that a particular event was captured or that a token can be attributed in every case.
For Microsoft Entra applications, review service-principal sign-ins and coordinate with service owners if the identity is non-human or disabling it could affect production. For cloud identities, review available sign-in and API activity over the compromise window. Look for unexpected key creation, token issuance, permission or trust-policy changes, and access to secrets.
Should you revoke first or replace first?
For access known to be compromised and actively usable, containment is urgent. Choose the narrowest action that actually prevents the attacker from using it: revoke a credential, disable an identity, or apply a broader control if the credential itself cannot be contained quickly enough. GitHub’s incident-response guidance advises revocation for exposed or exploited credentials while tailoring actions to the threat, scope, and evidence—not mechanically applying every possible containment measure.
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There is no single safe order for every credential. Immediate revocation can interrupt builds, deployments, or production workloads; replacing first can leave the compromised credential usable during the transition. Use the credential’s type, exposure evidence, privilege, token lifetime, and service impact to decide. If a critical dependency makes instant disablement unsafe, restrict the attacker’s access through another effective control while preparing and validating the replacement.
| Situation | Containment and replacement approach | Key operational risk |
|---|---|---|
| Known compromised token or key with no critical dependency | Revoke or disable promptly, then issue and deploy a least-privilege replacement. | Any overlooked consumer may fail authentication. |
| Credential used by critical workloads | Restrict the exposed identity where possible, prepare a replacement, migrate and validate consumers, then disable the old credential when safe. | Leaving the old credential active carries attacker-access risk; disabling it too early can cause an outage. |
| Persistent key with already-issued short-lived tokens | Contain both the issuing identity and the persistent key as needed; assess when issued tokens expire. | Revoking the key may not invalidate tokens already issued. |
Record the containment decision and the remaining exposure while it is being managed. The decision should account for blast radius, continuity, privilege scope, evidence quality, and whether an attacker can mint additional credentials.
How do you contain and replace npm credentials?
Revoke the exposed token and secure the account
Use the npm account’s Access Tokens page or the CLI to identify and revoke the affected token. npm token list can help identify tokens; revoke by the full token ID or an accepted token value, not a truncated display fragment. npm documentation says revocation can take up to an hour in some cases, so verify the token’s status and account for that propagation window in your assessment.
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Revoking one token does not secure the entire account. Review account access, maintainers, and organization or team permissions. Determine whether the token could change package configuration, publish altered artifacts, or expose credentials used elsewhere. Decide from the incident evidence whether package versions, workflows, or related identities also need remediation.
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Issue a narrower automation credential
As of November 2025, npm documents only Granular Access Tokens as supported; legacy access tokens have been removed. A granular token can be limited by package or scope, organization, permission level, expiration, and IP range, and cannot exceed the user’s own permissions. Select only the access needed by the workflow. A stage-only publishing token follows a different process: a maintainer must review and promote staged content.
For supported CI/CD, consider npm trusted publishing, which uses short-lived, workflow-specific credentials. npm’s current documentation names GitHub Actions on GitHub-hosted runners, GitLab.com shared runners, and CircleCI cloud as supported providers. Configure and test the relationship before restricting traditional token publishing access. Trusted publishing is not a general mechanism for installing private dependencies or a guarantee of support for every CI provider; npm recommends read-only granular tokens for private dependency installation when a token is still required.
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npm’s publishing policy is time-sensitive. Its current guidance says bypass-2FA tokens cannot perform account-identity or account-governance actions starting August 2026, and that direct publishing by bypass-2FA granular tokens is planned for removal in January 2027. Check npm’s current policy before relying on either date or token behavior.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How should you rotate cloud credentials?
Identify the provider’s credential type before choosing a sequence. A static key, an application secret, a service-account access token, and a federated session do not necessarily stop working in the same way when one key is disabled.
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| Provider and credential | Documented response pattern | Important qualification |
|---|---|---|
| Google Cloud service-account key | Generate a replacement, deploy it to services and users that need it, then revoke the old credential. | Confirm every consumer can use the replacement before removing the old key. |
| Google Cloud service-account access token | Contain the service account or apply an IAM deny policy if active tokens must be blocked. | Issued tokens cannot be revoked in the same way as persistent key files and remain valid until expiry. |
| Microsoft Azure Key Vault key | Contain the breach, rotate to a new key in a clean vault, migrate dependent services, then disable the compromised key. | Disabling or deleting the original may not invalidate an independently restored copy and may take dependent services offline. |
| Microsoft Entra application credential | Consider disabling sign-in as containment; coordinate key rotation or other action with the service owner. | Weigh business impact before deleting an application or rolling keys, and investigate associated service principals and accessible secrets. |
| AWS IAM access key or temporary credential | Use the current AWS Security Incident Response Guide for the affected principal and credential type. | The guidance reviewed describes access-key revocation and, in relevant cases, limiting older temporary credentials; one IAM-user procedure should not be assumed to cover roles, federation, or every service. |
Google Cloud: distinguish key files from issued tokens
Google Cloud documents a default service-account access-token lifetime of up to 60 minutes, or up to 12 hours when an extended lifetime is configured. Disabling a persistent key does not make an already-issued access token disappear. If an active token needs to be contained, disabling the service account or applying an IAM deny policy may be necessary, with possible effects on dependent workloads. After disabling the account, a compromised token may need to expire before the account can be safely re-enabled. Check the project’s token-lifetime policy and exact permissions before acting.
Azure and Entra: coordinate around dependent services
Microsoft recommends secret-management systems such as Azure Key Vault and planned rotation that avoids reliability problems. For a compromised Key Vault key, account for copied or restored versions and service dependencies rather than assuming deletion or disablement invalidates every usable copy. For a compromised Entra application, disabling sign-in is a possible containment action; coordinate it with the service owner and investigate service principals and secrets the application could access.
AWS: follow the principal-specific response
AWS’s Security Incident Response Guide discusses revoking IAM access keys and limiting temporary credentials issued before a specified time in relevant cases. It does not establish a complete command-level runbook for every principal type. Select the current procedure for the affected identity rather than applying an IAM-user response to roles, federation, or other services without confirming applicability.
How do you update consumers and confirm the rotation worked?
- Prepare the replacement. Create the new credential or identity with only the permissions the affected workload needs. Store it in the approved secret store rather than source code, logs, or a broadly accessible configuration file.
- Update every consumer. Replace the old value in CI secret stores, deployment environments, workloads, developer machines, and integrations identified during scoping. Track each consumer so none is silently left behind.
- Validate functionality. Test authentication and the required operation—such as dependency installation, package publishing, deployment, or cloud API access—with the replacement identity. Check the resulting logs for expected identity use and unexpected failures.
- Retire the old access. Once the transition is confirmed and safe, revoke or disable the old credential. If it is already known to be compromised, do not treat continuity planning as a reason to leave it unrestricted; apply effective containment during the cutover.
- Check for persistence and continue monitoring. Review for additional secrets accessible to the compromised identity, unauthorized token or key creation, altered trust or permission policies, and unexpected repository, workflow, package, or resource changes. Continue reviewing relevant logs after rotation.
For GitHub, preserve relevant audit events, secret-scanning alerts, and evidence of repository exposure. Microsoft’s incident-response materials also emphasize retaining incident identifiers, alerts, sign-in evidence, and user statements, and reviewing successful sign-ins and relevant resource activity. Follow your organization’s approved evidence-retention process.
Quick Recap
How can you reduce the chance of a repeat?
- Prefer short-lived, workflow-bound credentials or provider-supported workload identity where the platform and deployment path support them.
- For npm publishing, validate trusted publishing before restricting legacy token-based access; use a read-only granular token if a token is still needed to install private dependencies.
- Limit credentials by package, repository, project, permission, network range, and expiry where supported. Avoid sharing one high-privilege credential across unrelated workloads.
- Keep an inventory of credential owners, consumers, privilege, and rotation or expiry expectations so an incident does not begin with guesswork.
- Review token creation, key changes, identity permissions, and publishing or deployment activity for unexpected changes.
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