Prepare a place to shelter, a way to receive official updates, and supplies for everyone in your household before an emergency. If a nuclear detonation or other radiation emergency occurs, get inside the nearest building, move to its basement or central area, and stay inside until officials say it is safe to leave. This guide follows U.S. CDC and FEMA guidance; local emergency instructions take precedence.
Choose your shelter and make a household plan
Identify the basement or most central interior area of your home, as far as possible from windows, exterior walls, and the roof. A basement or central area offers better protection from fallout than an exposed location. If you are away from home when an alert comes, prioritize entering the nearest building rather than trying to reach your home.
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Write down a simple plan that accounts for where household members spend time and what each person may need. Check in advance with children’s schools and daycare providers, employers, and hospitals or care facilities about their emergency procedures. Ask how they will communicate with families and where people will shelter.
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- Keep key phone numbers and meeting or check-in details on paper as well as on phones.
- Plan for anyone who may need help moving, taking medicine, communicating, or caring for a dependent.
- Decide how pets will be brought indoors and where their supplies are kept.
Assemble supplies you can use while sheltering
Keep an emergency kit accessible, with enough supplies for household needs. A battery-powered or hand-crank radio, preferably a NOAA Weather Radio, can help you receive official updates if power or mobile service is disrupted. It is for information, not radiation detection. Store spare batteries with it.
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- Flashlight and extra batteries
- Battery-powered or hand-crank radio
- First-aid supplies and essential medicines
- Food, bottled water, and a nonelectric can opener
- Sturdy shoes, cash or cards, and a change of clothes
- Important papers and prescription information that can be taken quickly if evacuation is ordered
- Pet food, water, medicines, carriers, and other necessary pet supplies
Keep medicines and papers easy to take, but do not delay sheltering to collect belongings during an alert. Ask local officials whether they recommend additional supplies for your area or household.
What to do when an alert or detonation occurs
- Get inside quickly. If you are outdoors or in a car, enter the closest building. Cars provide poor protection. If a brick or concrete multistory building or basement is reachable within a few minutes, use it; otherwise, get inside any building promptly.
- Move to the best available spot. Go to a basement or the middle of the building, away from exterior walls and the roof. Bring pets inside. Close and lock windows and doors.
- Remove contamination brought in from outside. If someone was outdoors, remove their outer layer of clothing, wash exposed skin or shower if possible, and put on clean clothes. The CDC says removing the outer layer can remove up to 90% of radioactive material; that is the CDC’s stated figure, not a guarantee for an individual. Handle potentially contaminated clothing carefully, keep it away from people and pets, and follow current official instructions.
- Stay inside and monitor official updates. Use a radio, television, mobile device, or any working channel. CDC guidance says staying inside for at least 24 hours can protect people until it is safe to leave; this is not a guarantee that a particular location will be safe after 24 hours. Remain sheltered until authorities say it is safe, unless the shelter becomes unsafe or there is another immediate life-threatening condition.
- Use safe food and water. CDC advises drinking bottled water and eating food in sealed containers. Follow officials’ instructions about local food, water, ventilation, and whether to remain sheltered or evacuate.
If household members are somewhere else
If children or relatives are at a school, daycare, hospital, nursing home, or other care facility, stay sheltered where you are rather than going outside to retrieve them. CDC guidance notes that facilities have plans to keep people inside until responders determine it is safe to evacuate. Going out can expose both you and the person you are trying to reach.
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Try texting if calls do not connect, keep phone lines clear where possible, and follow the facility’s and emergency authorities’ instructions. Check the facility’s plan ahead of time so you know how it will provide updates and reunite families when it is safe.
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Authorities decide whether evacuation is needed, when it should happen, which route to use, and where people should go. Do not set out on your own based on assumptions about fallout or try to retrieve people from other locations. If officials order evacuation, use their specified route and destination; local authorities may direct residents to a community reception center before a shelter.
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Take essential medicines and prescriptions, important papers, a change of clothes, the emergency kit, and pet supplies if doing so does not delay departure. Check in advance whether a designated shelter accepts pets.
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Review the plan with household members so everyone knows where to shelter, how to get updates, and how to communicate if separated. Recheck supplies and contact details periodically, and update the plan when household needs, school or care arrangements, or local instructions change. The safest shelter location and evacuation route depend on your building and community, so follow local emergency directions over a general household plan.
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