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Install CouchDB from Apache’s signed Debian repository, create the required administrator account, initialize a single-node server in Fauxton, and keep port 5984 private unless a reverse proxy is deliberately configured. Fauxton is included with CouchDB 2.0 and later, so a separate UI package is normally unnecessary.
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What you will have when the installation is complete
Apache CouchDB is an HTTP database server. Its administration interface, Fauxton, is served by CouchDB itself rather than by a separate daemon. On a normal VPS installation you will therefore have one service listening on CouchDB’s HTTP port, 5984, and you will manage it through URLs such as http://127.0.0.1:5984/_utils/index.html.
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A single-node deployment is appropriate for a standalone VPS. The setup wizard creates CouchDB’s system databases, including _users, _replicator, and _global_changes. Applications can use the same HTTP API directly, while Fauxton is useful for first-run administration, configuration, document work, and replication controls.
The safe default is to bind CouchDB to 127.0.0.1. That makes the API and Fauxton reachable only from the VPS. If users or applications must connect over the network, put nginx or HAProxy in front of CouchDB, terminate HTTPS there, and firewall the backend port.
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Supported Linux releases and prerequisites
Apache’s convenience packages cover Debian 11 (bullseye), Debian 12 (bookworm), Ubuntu 22.04 (jammy), Ubuntu 24.04 (noble), and supported RHEL/CentOS releases. The commands below are the documented Debian/Ubuntu path. Use a root-capable account with sudo, a working DNS and HTTPS connection, and enough disk space for the database files and logs.
- Confirm the VPS is running one of the supported Debian or Ubuntu codenames.
- Apply existing operating-system updates according to your normal maintenance policy.
- Decide whether CouchDB is localhost-only, reachable on a private LAN, or published through a reverse proxy. Make this decision before choosing the bind address in the installer.
- Prepare a long, unique CouchDB administrator password. CouchDB 3.0 and later will not run without an administrator account.
Install CouchDB from Apache’s signed repository
Using Apache’s repository gives you the package intended for your distribution rather than an unverified third-party build. Run the following commands as written on Debian or Ubuntu:
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sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y curl apt-transport-https gnupg
curl https://couchdb.apache.org/repo/keys.asc | gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/couchdb-archive-keyring.gpg >/dev/null 2>&1
source /etc/os-release
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/couchdb-archive-keyring.gpg] https://apache.jfrog.io/artifactory/couchdb-deb/ ${VERSION_CODENAME} main"
| sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/couchdb.list >/dev/null
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y couchdbThe source /etc/os-release line supplies the operating system’s codename, so the repository entry automatically uses bullseye, bookworm, jammy, or noble where applicable. If that variable is empty or does not match a supported release, stop and correct the operating-system identification before installing.
Answer the package configuration prompts
The Debian package asks whether the server is standalone or clustered, which address CouchDB should bind to, and for an administrator password. For one VPS, select the standalone or single-node choice. Enter the administrator credentials during this step. If you postpone that step, create the administrator in CouchDB’s configuration before attempting to start the service; CouchDB 3.x deliberately refuses to run without one.
Choose 127.0.0.1 for a private installation. Select a private interface only when another trusted machine must reach CouchDB directly. A public interface exposes both the API and Fauxton and should be used only with firewall rules and a reverse-proxy design.
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Start CouchDB and verify the local endpoint
After installation, start the service with the service manager provided by your distribution package. On a systemd-based Debian or Ubuntu VPS, the usual command is:
sudo systemctl enable --now couchdb
sudo systemctl status couchdbThe status command should show an active service. If it fails, inspect the service journal and correct the configuration or administrator-account problem before exposing any network port.
Test the local HTTP endpoint from the VPS itself:
curl http://127.0.0.1:5984/Then open the first-run interface in a browser on the VPS, or through a secure tunnel:
- http://127.0.0.1:5984/_utils/index.html is the documented Fauxton entry point.
- http://localhost:5984/_utils/index.html#verifyinstall opens the installation-verification view.
Port 5984 is the local HTTP endpoint used in the official examples. Do not open it to the entire internet merely to make Fauxton convenient; a localhost bind plus an SSH tunnel keeps the database off the public network.
ssh -L 5984:127.0.0.1:5984 your-vps-user@your-vps-hostWith that tunnel active, browse to the same 127.0.0.1:5984 URLs on your own computer. The browser connection terminates at the tunnel, while CouchDB remains bound locally on the VPS.
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Complete the single-node setup in Fauxton
Fauxton is bundled with CouchDB 2.0 and later. You normally do not install an npm Fauxton package on a production VPS; npm is an optional development or UI-upgrade route. Open the setup wizard at:
http://127.0.0.1:5984/_utils#setup- Choose Single-Node-Setup. This selects the one-server topology rather than the cluster workflow.
- Set the administrator username and password. Use the credentials created during package configuration or replace them with the account you intend to operate.
- Select the bind address. Keep
127.0.0.1for a VPS administered locally or through an SSH tunnel. Choose a private interface only if a controlled network client requires direct access. - Apply the configuration. The wizard creates the
_users,_replicator, and_global_changessystem databases needed for normal single-node operation. - Return to Fauxton’s verification view. Confirm that the server responds and that you can authenticate with the administrator account before creating application databases.
If you configure CouchDB by file instead of using the wizard, setting [couchdb] single_node=true causes those system databases to be created on restart. The official documentation also describes manual curl -X PUT creation; use that route only when you intentionally manage the configuration outside Fauxton.
Choose the right network exposure
| Deployment choice | Operational result | When it fits |
|---|---|---|
Bind to 127.0.0.1 |
Only processes on the VPS can reach CouchDB and Fauxton. | Most single-VPS installations; administer through an SSH tunnel. |
| Bind to a private LAN address | Clients on that network can reach the API and UI. | Private application tiers or trusted internal administration. |
| Bind to a public address | The API and Fauxton become internet-reachable unless a firewall blocks them. | Only when a deliberate firewall and reverse-proxy policy exists. |
| Reverse proxy with nginx or HAProxy | The proxy accepts client connections, can terminate TLS, and forwards requests to CouchDB. | Public hostnames, HTTPS, and production load balancing. |
A bind address is not an authentication policy. Even with an administrator account, leaving 5984 publicly reachable increases attack surface and makes accidental exposure of Fauxton more likely. Restrict the backend with the VPS firewall and let the proxy be the public entry point.
Publish CouchDB safely through nginx
For a public hostname, place nginx in front of CouchDB rather than forwarding the raw 5984 port. Apache CouchDB’s best-practices guidance recommends nginx or HAProxy and emphasizes forwarding the original host and client information. When TLS ends at nginx, CouchDB also needs the original scheme so redirects and generated links use HTTPS.
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server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name couchdb.example.net;
# Configure your certificate and key here.
ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/couchdb.example.net/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/couchdb.example.net/privkey.pem;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:5984;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}
The hostname and certificate paths in this example are illustrative; use the names and certificate files issued for your own domain. Keep the backend bind address at localhost when nginx runs on the same VPS. If the proxy is on another host, bind CouchDB to a private interface and permit only that proxy’s private address in the firewall.
Check the proxy before changing DNS
- Validate nginx’s configuration with its distribution-provided test command.
- Reload nginx without stopping the existing listener.
- Request the public HTTPS hostname and verify that Fauxton loads and that an authenticated API request reaches CouchDB.
- Confirm that direct access to
http://public-vps-address:5984is blocked by the firewall or unavailable because CouchDB is bound only to localhost.
Do not remove the Host, X-Forwarded-For, or X-Forwarded-Proto headers. Dropping them can produce incorrect redirects, hide the client address from logs, or make CouchDB believe a secure request arrived over plain HTTP.
Single node or cluster?
The standalone wizard is the correct starting point for one VPS. A production cluster is a different topology: it uses multiple CouchDB nodes, a reverse proxy for load balancing and SSL termination, and coordinated firewall and authentication policies.
The cluster wizard is also reached through Fauxton at /_utils#setup. After configuring the nodes, query /_membership to verify that the expected nodes and the connected nodes match. A mismatch indicates that the cluster does not have the membership you intended and should be corrected before routing application traffic through it.
Do not select cluster mode simply because the VPS is powerful enough to run several processes. Clustering adds node discovery, proxy routing, and operational failure cases that a single-node installation does not have.
Package installation versus source or npm UI installation
| Approach | What the documented path provides | Practical use |
|---|---|---|
| Apache Debian package | Signed repository, distribution integration, package configuration prompts, and the CouchDB service. | Recommended path for supported Debian and Ubuntu VPS releases. |
| Source installation | Build and configuration responsibilities remain with the administrator. | Specialized environments that require a non-package build. |
| Built-in Fauxton | Fauxton is included in CouchDB 2.0 and later and is served at /_utils/. |
Normal production administration and verification. |
| npm-installed Fauxton | An optional development or UI-upgrade route rather than a separate requirement for a VPS. | Development work or an intentional UI customization. |
The official material does not publish installation-time, memory, throughput, or latency benchmarks for these choices. Select based on supportability and network design, not on an assumed performance number.
Troubleshoot the common failure points
The package refuses to start
First check whether an administrator account exists. CouchDB 3.0 and later will not run without one. Re-enter the package configuration or create the account in the configuration files before restarting the service. Then inspect the service status and journal for the specific configuration error.
The repository command uses the wrong distribution
Print the value loaded from /etc/os-release and compare it with the supported codenames. A repository entry for the wrong codename can leave apt without a compatible CouchDB package. Correct the entry, run sudo apt update, and retry the installation.
Fauxton works on the VPS but not from your laptop
This is expected when CouchDB is bound to localhost. Use the SSH tunnel shown above, or publish it through nginx/HAProxy with HTTPS. Do not solve the symptom by opening 5984 to every source address.
The browser shows redirect or scheme problems behind nginx
Check that nginx forwards the original Host and X-Forwarded-Proto values and that the proxy is actually terminating TLS for the hostname you are using. Also verify that nginx can reach the backend address and port selected in CouchDB’s bind configuration.
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Confirm that you selected Single-Node-Setup and applied the configuration. A file-based setup must include [couchdb] single_node=true before restart. The system databases should then exist; if they do not, revisit the configuration and service logs rather than creating application databases first.
A cluster reports unexpected membership
Query /_membership and compare the expected and connected node lists. Check private-address reachability, node configuration, and reverse-proxy routing before allowing application traffic to depend on the cluster.
Quick Recap
Installation checklist
- Use a supported Debian or Ubuntu release and Apache’s signed repository.
- Install the prerequisites, import the signing key, add the codename-specific repository, and install
couchdb. - Create the administrator before starting CouchDB.
- Start the service and verify the local endpoint on port 5984.
- Use the included Fauxton at
/_utils/; do not install a separate UI for a normal production setup. - Run the Single-Node-Setup wizard and confirm the system databases were created.
- Keep the bind address at
127.0.0.1unless a private-network or public design requires otherwise. - For public access, use nginx or HAProxy, HTTPS, preserved forwarding headers, and firewall rules that protect the backend port.
- For a cluster, verify membership through
/_membershipand use a reverse proxy for load balancing and SSL termination.
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