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This design lets one Docker host serve unrelated domains and subdomains without exposing each application’s port. Caddy uses explicit host blocks, while Traefik discovers Docker services from labels and is better suited to frequently changing stacks.
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The architecture: one edge, many private services
A browser connects to a hostname such as example.com. DNS resolves that name to your server’s public IP. The reverse proxy listens on ports 80 and 443, terminates TLS, reads the request’s hostname, and forwards the request to the matching Docker service over an internal network.
What happens to a request
- The client looks up the domain’s A or AAAA record.
- The client opens an HTTP or HTTPS connection to the server’s port 80 or 443.
- The proxy selects a router using the request hostname, such as
example.comorapi.example.net. - The proxy serves or obtains the certificate for that hostname, then forwards the decrypted request to the configured container port.
- The application responds through the proxy; its container port never needs to be reachable from the public internet.
Which containers are public
| Component | Public host ports | Docker connectivity | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reverse proxy | 80 and 443 | Attached to the shared proxy network | HTTP routing, TLS termination, redirects, and certificate management |
| Application services | None in the normal design | Attached to the shared proxy network | Serve sites or APIs on their container ports |
| Databases and internal workers | None | Private application networks | Remain inaccessible to the edge proxy unless a route is explicitly required |
Docker Compose services on a common network resolve one another by service name. A proxy can therefore target app1:8080 rather than a host IP or a published port.
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Prerequisites and decisions before deployment
- A server with a public IP address, Docker Engine, and Docker Compose.
- An A and/or AAAA DNS record for every hostname, all pointing to that server.
- Firewall and cloud security-group rules allowing inbound TCP 80 and 443.
- One shared external Docker network, for example
proxy, joined by the proxy and each service it routes. - Persistent storage for ACME state and certificates, protected with restrictive permissions and included in backups.
- A choice between a Caddyfile-based configuration and Traefik’s Docker-label configuration.
Decide whether each hostname is a separate site or an alias. For example, www.example.com can route to the same service as example.com, while api.example.net can target a different service and container port.
Point DNS at the Docker host first
Certificate authorities must be able to resolve and reach the hostname before automated issuance can succeed. Create the DNS records before starting certificate provisioning.
DNS records to create
| Hostname | Typical record | Destination |
|---|---|---|
example.com |
A (and optionally AAAA) | Your server’s public IPv4 (and IPv6, if configured) |
www.example.com |
A/AAAA or a CNAME to the canonical hostname | The same public service |
api.example.net |
A (and optionally AAAA) | The same Docker host |
An AAAA record is usable only when the server, firewall, Docker host, and proxy are actually reachable over IPv6. A stale or incorrect AAAA record can make a challenge fail even when the A record is correct.
Verify resolution and reachability
- Query each hostname from outside the server’s network and confirm it resolves to the intended public address.
- Open TCP 80 and 443 in the host firewall and any provider security group.
- Ensure no existing web server or other process already owns either host port.
- After the proxy starts, test both HTTP and HTTPS for every hostname. A successful DNS lookup alone does not prove that an ACME challenge can reach the proxy.
Create the shared Docker network
Create one external network that can be referenced by separate Compose projects:
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docker network create proxyMark the network as external in each Compose file. The proxy and routed services must join the same network; a service attached only to its private application network will not be resolvable by the proxy.
networks:
proxy:
external: true
name: proxyUse service names, not container IP addresses, in proxy configuration. Docker can replace a container during an update while preserving the service name and network discovery.
Option A: Caddy for explicit host configuration
Caddy’s HTTPS behavior is intentionally simple: when a site block contains a host name, it enables HTTPS automatically, obtains an ACME certificate, and manages renewal as long as the hostname is publicly reachable on ports 80 and 443.
Compose layout
The following layout gives Caddy persistent certificate storage and connects it to the shared network. The application is not published on the host.
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services:
caddy:
image: caddy:latest
restart: unless-stopped
ports:
- '80:80'
- '443:443'
volumes:
- ./Caddyfile:/etc/caddy/Caddyfile:ro
- caddy_data:/data
- caddy_config:/config
networks:
- proxy
app1:
image: your-app-image
expose:
- '8080'
networks:
- proxy
api:
image: your-api-image
expose:
- '3000'
networks:
- proxy
volumes:
caddy_data:
caddy_config:
networks:
proxy:
external: true
name: proxyexpose documents the container port for the Compose network; it does not publish that port on the host. You can omit it when the image already listens on the expected port, but the proxy target must still match the process’s actual listening port.
Write one Caddyfile block per hostname
example.com {
reverse_proxy app1:8080
}
www.example.com {
reverse_proxy app1:8080
}
api.example.net {
reverse_proxy api:3000
}Each block maps one hostname to an upstream service. Separate blocks make aliases and independent domains obvious; several names can also be listed when they should share exactly the same behavior. Caddy must be able to resolve app1 and api on the proxy network.
Start and validate Caddy
- Save the Compose file and Caddyfile in the project directory.
- Run
docker compose up -d. - Inspect
docker compose logs caddyfor configuration or ACME errors. - Request each hostname over HTTP and HTTPS. Confirm that HTTP is redirected to HTTPS and that the certificate names the requested host.
- Keep the
caddy_datavolume when recreating or migrating the container; deleting it removes the proxy’s stored certificate state.
Option B: Traefik for Docker-label discovery
Traefik watches Docker metadata and builds routers from labels. This removes the need to edit a central file whenever a service is added, but it introduces more moving parts: entrypoints, certificate resolvers, router rules, and provider permissions.
Proxy service requirements
A Traefik deployment normally needs host entrypoints on 80 and 443, the Docker provider, an ACME certificate resolver, persistent certificate storage, and a connection to the shared network. A representative Compose service is:
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services:
traefik:
image: traefik:latest
restart: unless-stopped
command:
- '--entrypoints.web.address=:80'
- '--entrypoints.websecure.address=:443'
- '--providers.docker=true'
- '--providers.docker.exposedbydefault=false'
- '--entrypoints.web.http.redirections.entrypoint.to=websecure'
- '--entrypoints.web.http.redirections.entrypoint.scheme=https'
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- '--certificatesresolvers.le.acme.storage=/letsencrypt/acme.json'
- '--certificatesresolvers.le.acme.httpchallenge.entrypoint=web'
ports:
- '80:80'
- '443:443'
volumes:
- /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock:ro
- ./letsencrypt:/letsencrypt
networks:
- proxy
networks:
proxy:
external: true
name: proxyThe Docker socket gives the provider access to container metadata and is sensitive operational data. Keep the proxy host restricted, use the read-only mount shown above where supported, and avoid exposing the Docker API itself.
Label an application service
app1:
image: your-app-image
networks:
- proxy
labels:
- 'traefik.enable=true'
- 'traefik.http.routers.app1.rule=Host(`example.com`)'
- 'traefik.http.routers.app1.entrypoints=websecure'
- 'traefik.http.routers.app1.tls.certresolver=le'
- 'traefik.http.services.app1.loadbalancer.server.port=8080'The Host rule selects the domain, websecure selects the TLS entrypoint, and the certificate resolver tells Traefik to obtain the certificate through ACME. The load-balancer port is the port inside the container, not a host-published port.
Add another domain or service
api:
image: your-api-image
networks:
- proxy
labels:
- 'traefik.enable=true'
- 'traefik.http.routers.api.rule=Host(`api.example.net`)'
- 'traefik.http.routers.api.entrypoints=websecure'
- 'traefik.http.routers.api.tls.certresolver=le'
- 'traefik.http.services.api.loadbalancer.server.port=3000'Router and service names such as app1 and api must be distinct. If an image listens on a different internal port, change the label rather than publishing that port publicly.
Prepare ACME storage
Create the host directory used by the resolver, ensure the proxy can write its state, and back it up. If the state file is lost during a migration, the proxy may need to request certificates again and can encounter certificate-authority rate limits.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How automated HTTPS issuance and renewal works
Both approaches use ACME. The proxy proves control of a hostname by responding to a challenge, stores the resulting certificate and account state, and renews before expiry. Renewal is automatic only while DNS, public reachability, storage, and proxy configuration remain intact.
Conditions required for issuance
- The hostname resolves publicly to the Docker server.
- TCP 80 and/or 443 required by the selected challenge is reachable from the internet.
- The reverse proxy is running and has the route for that hostname.
- The proxy can write its persistent ACME storage.
- No second process intercepts the challenge or occupies the published ports.
One certificate versus many names
You can use an individual certificate per hostname, which keeps routing and renewal failures isolated. A certificate can also contain multiple subject-alternative names. The ACME companion documentation used by one common proxy pattern notes a 100-domain certificate limit; certificate-authority policies can change, so verify the current limit before designing a very large SAN certificate. The limit is not a reason to expose application ports or to combine unrelated services.
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Renewal-safe operations
- Persist the Caddy data volume or Traefik ACME directory outside the disposable container layer.
- Back up that state before moving the stack to another host.
- Keep DNS records pointed at the active host during a migration, or plan the DNS change before the next renewal window.
- After upgrades, test an HTTPS request for every hostname and inspect proxy logs for renewal errors.
Caddy or Traefik: choose by operating model
| Decision factor | Caddy | Traefik |
|---|---|---|
| Configuration style | One explicit Caddyfile host block per site or alias | Docker labels define routers, services, entrypoints, and certificate resolvers |
| Service discovery | Upstream addresses are written explicitly, such as app1:8080 |
Watches Docker metadata and can reconfigure when labeled services change |
| TLS setup | Hostname blocks trigger automatic HTTPS behavior | ACME resolver and TLS router labels are configured explicitly |
| Best fit | A stable set of straightforward host-to-service proxies | Frequently changing stacks or deployments needing richer routing and middleware controls |
| Operational trade-off | Fewer TLS and routing settings to maintain | More control, with more labels, entrypoints, and provider permissions to audit |
| Network boundary | Only the proxy publishes 80 and 443; backends stay on the shared network | Same boundary; the Docker provider also needs access to container metadata |
This is an operational comparison, not a performance benchmark. Either proxy can serve many domains from one host when DNS, networking, and certificate prerequisites are satisfied.
Keep application containers private
Do not publish backend ports by default
A Compose mapping such as 8080:8080 opens the application on the host interface. Remove it unless an independent requirement exists. The proxy can reach the same process through app1:8080 on the internal network.
Separate internal networks
Attach a service to the shared proxy network only when it must receive web traffic. Keep databases, queues, and administrative services on a separate private network. A web container can join both networks while the database joins only the private one.
Protect configuration and credentials
- Use restrictive permissions on ACME state and any mounted configuration containing credentials.
- Do not expose the Docker daemon’s TCP API.
- Use read-only mounts for provider metadata access where practical.
- Apply container updates through a controlled deployment process and test routing afterward.
- Log proxy access and errors, but avoid placing application secrets in labels or URLs.
Troubleshoot by symptom
| Symptom | Likely cause | Checks and fix |
|---|---|---|
| ACME challenge times out | DNS points elsewhere, port 80/443 is blocked, or another process owns the port | Verify A/AAAA results externally, open firewall and security-group rules, check host listeners, and inspect proxy logs. |
| Certificate is issued for the wrong name | The request reached a different router or the hostname is missing from configuration | Check the exact Host rule or Caddy block and confirm that the requested spelling, including www, is configured. |
| 502 or gateway error | Proxy and service are not on the same network, the service name is wrong, or the internal port is incorrect | Inspect network attachments, resolve the service name from the proxy container, and compare the configured port with the process’s listening port. |
| HTTP works but HTTPS does not | Port 443 is blocked, TLS routing is absent, or certificate issuance failed | Test TCP 443, review ACME and router logs, and confirm the HTTPS entrypoint or Caddy hostname block. |
| HTTPS works until a restart | Certificate state was stored only inside the disposable container | Mount persistent Caddy data or Traefik ACME storage and restore it before restarting the stack. |
| One hostname works while another fails | Only one DNS record, route, or certificate name was configured | Check the failing hostname through DNS, then verify its individual proxy block or labels and its ACME status. |
| Proxy cannot discover a service | Traefik labels are missing or disabled, or the service is not on the shared network | Set the enable label, attach the service to proxy, and ensure the router’s service port is the container port. |
A repeatable deployment sequence
- Reserve the server’s public IP and install Docker Engine and Compose.
- Create the external
proxynetwork. - Publish DNS A/AAAA records for every planned hostname.
- Allow inbound TCP 80 and 443 and remove competing listeners.
- Choose Caddy or Traefik and create persistent ACME storage.
- Attach the proxy and only the required application services to
proxy. - Configure one host route per domain, using service names and internal container ports.
- Start the stack and inspect logs before testing from a browser.
- Test HTTP redirection, HTTPS certificates, and application responses for every hostname.
- Back up ACME state and document DNS, network, and service-port dependencies before future migrations.
When this pattern needs a different design
A single reverse proxy is appropriate when one Docker host owns the public IP and all domains can reach it. Use a different architecture when domains must terminate in separate security zones, when independent hosts need global load balancing, or when certificate challenges cannot reach the server. In those cases, the same principles still apply—DNS must lead to the active edge, and only the edge should be publicly exposed—but the edge may be a managed load balancer or a separate proxy tier rather than a container on the application host.
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