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Handle a decision-model API failure in this order: classify the error, normalize it into an internal record, validate every response before using it, retry only transient failures within an explicit time and attempt budget, check whether timed-out work completed, and then return a risk-appropriate fallback when the service remains unavailable. Never turn a transport error, refusal, or malformed payload into a confident business decision.
Build a failure path, not a single retry
A production integration needs separate control paths for transport failures, provider errors, invalid model output, and uncertain completion. A successful HTTP exchange is not necessarily a usable decision, and a failed HTTP exchange does not prove that the provider did no work.
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Put an adapter around each provider SDK. The adapter should expose a small internal result model such as success, validation_error, rate_limited, transient_unavailable, permanent_request_error, indeterminate, and refused. Application code can then make policy decisions without parsing provider-specific exception messages throughout the codebase.
Classify the failure before deciding whether to retry
Use all available signals: HTTP status, structured error code or type, the SDK’s typed exception, and whether a response body or stream had started. Provider taxonomies differ, so keep an explicit unknown category rather than assuming an unfamiliar code is transient. OpenAI advises using structured fields in application logic and tolerating unknown codes and missing fields; matching human-readable message text is brittle.
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| Failure class | Typical signals | Default action |
|---|---|---|
| Malformed or invalid request | Validation-related 4xx response, typed invalid-request error, schema or parameter complaint | Do not repeat unchanged. Correct the payload, model, tool definition, or API parameters, then submit a new request. |
| Authentication failure | Invalid, expired, or missing credential error | Fix credential loading, rotation, or environment configuration. Retrying the same request cannot repair a bad credential. |
| Permission or policy denial | Forbidden response, access scope error, organization or project restriction | Change authorization or routing, or fail explicitly. Do not use retries as an access-control workaround. |
| Rate limiting | 429 or provider-specific rate-limit type, often with Retry-After |
Reduce request pressure and retry within a finite budget, honoring the server’s delay when supplied. |
| Temporary provider failure | 5xx response, overload or service-unavailable type | Use bounded exponential backoff with jitter. Stop when the deadline or attempt limit is reached. |
| Network timeout or connection interruption | SDK timeout, DNS or TLS failure, connection reset, socket closure | Determine whether submission or execution may have completed before replaying. Retry only when the operation is safe or deduplicated. |
| Malformed, refused, or incomplete result | Parse error, missing required field, refusal state, truncated output, semantic constraint failure | Mark the result unusable. Do not treat it as a model decision; route through validation recovery or fallback policy. |
| Unknown condition | Missing status or unrecognized provider code | Preserve diagnostics, avoid an unlimited retry loop, and use a conservative unavailable or indeterminate outcome. |
These are starting categories, not universal mappings. Verify the status codes, error types, and retry eligibility for the exact endpoint, model family, SDK, and version you deploy.
Normalize provider errors at the adapter boundary
Convert both SDK exceptions and ordinary error responses into one internal record before business logic sees them. Include:
- provider name and endpoint or model identifier;
- HTTP status, when available;
- structured error code and type, preserving unknown values;
- the server-provided
Retry-Afterduration, if present; - request or trace ID, when the provider exposes one;
- timeout, connection, DNS, TLS, or other transport classification;
- whether headers, a body, or a stream had begun;
- attempt number, elapsed time, and remaining operation deadline; and
- whether completion state is known, unknown, or confirmed absent.
Keep diagnostic detail separate from the user-facing message. Logs can contain the provider request ID and error class without exposing prompts, credentials, personal data, or full model output. A caller might receive “decision service temporarily unavailable,” while operators receive the endpoint, status, retry count, and correlation ID.
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Do not assume every failure is a non-200 response. In Anthropic’s streaming guidance, an error event can arrive after an HTTP 200 response. A stream consumer must recognize that event, discard or mark partial output, and prevent the transport status from being mistaken for a valid decision.
Validate every response before application use
Validation has three layers. First, verify transport and provider state. Second, parse the declared format. Third, enforce the business contract. A response is usable only when all three pass.
Check transport and provider state
- Confirm the SDK call did not raise an exception and that the HTTP exchange or stream ended in a usable state.
- For APIs that expose response states, handle success separately from explicit
failedandincompletestates. - Recognize refusal outcomes as a distinct result, not as an empty answer or an implicit negative decision.
- For streaming, require a valid terminal event and reject output when an error event interrupts the stream.
Parse the expected representation
Use schema-constrained output where the endpoint supports it. OpenAI’s Responses interfaces support JSON Schema formatting, and its Decisions documentation describes typed predicate, choice, and score answers. Those facilities reduce format drift, but they do not eliminate application validation.
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- Parse the body with a strict parser.
- Require the expected top-level object or envelope.
- Require every field needed by downstream code.
- Reject duplicate, ambiguous, or unexpected answer names when your contract disallows them.
- Record parse failures separately from provider refusals and transport failures.
Enforce domain rules
Schema validity says that a value has the right shape; it does not prove that the value is safe or meaningful for your product. Check the exact answer count and names, allowed enum values, numeric ranges, units, required evidence fields, and domain thresholds. A score of the correct numeric type can still be outside an allowed range. A syntactically valid choice can still violate a policy rule.
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Set two time budgets and a finite retry policy
Configure a timeout for each attempt and an overall operation deadline that includes connection setup, model processing, response reading, retries, and backoff. Choose values from the caller’s latency budget and workload. There is no generally correct timeout number established across providers or endpoints.
A practical retry policy has four limits:
- a maximum number of attempts;
- a hard wall-clock deadline;
- a maximum backoff delay; and
- a maximum number of retries for each eligible class.
Use exponential backoff with jitter for rate limits and temporary service failures. Honor Retry-After when present, subject to your overall deadline. If the server asks for a delay longer than the remaining budget, stop and return an unavailable result instead of sleeping past the caller’s deadline.
Anthropic documents two SDK retries by default for selected transient failures and support for honoring retry-after. Confirm the configured behavior in your installed SDK. If your adapter also retries, disable one layer or account for both layers explicitly; otherwise a nominal two-attempt call can produce many more network requests and consume the entire latency budget.
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deadline = now() + operation_budget
attempt = 0
while attempt < max_attempts and now() < deadline:
attempt += 1
remaining = deadline - now()
result = call_provider(timeout=min(per_attempt_timeout, remaining))
if result.is_valid:
return result
error = normalize(result)
if error.is_permanent:
return error
if error.may_have_completed:
return resolve_completion_or_indeterminate(error)
if not error.is_transient:
return error
delay = retry_after_or_jittered_exponential(error, attempt)
if now() + delay >= deadline:
break
sleep(delay)
return unavailable_or_fallback()The pseudocode is a control-flow pattern, not a provider SDK call. Your implementation must map its predicates to the SDK’s typed exceptions and response states.
Do not retry permanent causes unchanged
Retrying is appropriate only when another attempt could plausibly succeed without changing the request or configuration. Stop immediately for malformed parameters, invalid credentials, denied permissions, unsupported models, and validation failures. Correct the cause first, then issue a new request.
Rate limits, overload, temporary server errors, and some network failures can be transient. Even then, a retry is conditional: the attempt must fit inside the deadline, the operation must be safe to replay, and the error must remain eligible. If a second response changes from a transient status to a permanent one, stop rather than following the original retry plan.
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A timeout means your client stopped waiting; it does not prove that the provider stopped processing. The request may have completed just before the connection failed, or a side effect may have happened while the response was lost.
For pure decisions
If the call only computes a classification or score and has no external side effect, a duplicate may primarily cost latency and usage. You should still check whether the provider exposes operation, session, or turn state before replaying, because duplicate decisions can create inconsistent audit records or double charges.
For side-effecting workflows
Do not blindly repeat a timed-out action that can send a message, approve a transaction, create a record, or trigger automation. Use a provider-supported idempotency key when available, or maintain an application-side deduplication record keyed to the business operation. On recovery, query the operation state or inspect completed actions. If neither confirms the outcome, return an explicit indeterminate result and require reconciliation rather than guessing.
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Document this distinction in the adapter contract. Callers need to know whether a timeout means “safe to retry,” “state check required,” or “manual reconciliation required.”
Treat refusals, incomplete output, and partial streams as unusable
A refusal is not the same as a negative answer. An incomplete response is not a low-confidence answer. A parser error is not an empty result. Keep these classes separate in metrics and control flow so that product policy can address each one.
For a stream, buffer chunks until the required terminal event and validation checks pass. If an error event arrives after some text or JSON has been emitted, discard the partial object unless your contract explicitly supports resumable fragments. Never apply a decision from a prefix that happened to parse.
When structured output is available, combine it with application-level checks. A schema can constrain shape, but it cannot necessarily enforce every semantic requirement, authorization rule, freshness condition, or cross-field relationship in your system.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Choose the fallback before an outage
After the retry and deadline budget is exhausted, return a typed unavailable or indeterminate outcome. The correct fallback depends on the harm caused by a wrong decision, not on what is easiest to code.
| Risk situation | Suitable fallback | Required safeguards |
|---|---|---|
| A wrong approval could cause financial, safety, legal, or irreversible harm | Explicit failure or human review | Show the reason, preserve the operation for retry or review, and prevent automatic progression. |
| Temporary delay is acceptable and a reviewer is available | Queue for human review | Record the input version, policy version, and unresolved service state. |
| The system must remain available and the safe direction is clear | Conservative deterministic rule | Version the rule, measure how often it activates, and make it visible to operators. |
| A low-impact operation has a demonstrably safer neutral outcome | Safe default | Ensure the default cannot silently grant a sensitive capability or create an irreversible effect. |
| The outcome cannot be safely inferred | Indeterminate status | Do not coerce it into approve, reject, or an apparently model-generated answer. |
Provider documentation describes bounded recovery but does not choose your product’s risk policy. Write that policy as part of system design, test it with stakeholders, and expose fallback activation to monitoring.
Instrument the path operators will need to debug
For each operation, record structured metrics and traces without logging secrets or unnecessary sensitive prompt content. At minimum capture:
- provider, endpoint, model and deployed SDK version;
- request ID or correlation ID when available;
- initial request time, per-attempt latency, and total elapsed time;
- normalized error class, HTTP status, structured code, and retry-after value;
- attempt and retry counts, including retries performed inside the SDK if observable;
- whether a stream began, ended normally, or emitted an error event;
- validation outcome and reason code;
- completion certainty: confirmed, not submitted, or unknown; and
- final application outcome, including the selected fallback.
Alert on rising validation failures, incomplete responses, repeated indeterminate outcomes, deadline exhaustion, and retry amplification. A stable HTTP success rate can hide a serious increase in refusal or schema failures.
Test failure paths deliberately
Use controlled fakes, dependency injection, or provider-supported test mechanisms to exercise each branch:
- Return a malformed request error and verify that no automatic retry occurs.
- Return an authentication or permission error and verify that the caller receives a configuration or access failure.
- Return a rate-limit response with
Retry-Afterand verify the delay is honored within the deadline. - Return temporary overload responses until the attempt or time budget is exhausted.
- Delay headers or body delivery beyond the per-attempt timeout.
- Drop the connection after submission and verify completion-state checking or an indeterminate result.
- Send a syntactically invalid payload, a missing field, an illegal enum, and an out-of-range score.
- Emit a refusal and an incomplete response, ensuring neither reaches business logic.
- Emit a stream error after an HTTP 200 and verify partial output is discarded.
- Simulate a provider recovery and confirm that the selected fallback is not silently overwritten by a late response.
Include assertions for request counts and elapsed time. A test that only checks the final error can miss an accidental retry storm or a sleep that exceeds the caller’s deadline.
Compare providers and SDKs on behavior that affects recovery
When selecting or upgrading an integration, compare the exact deployed versions rather than relying on marketing-level feature lists. Check:
- whether timeout settings cover a complete attempt or only a connection or read phase;
- the SDK’s built-in retry count and the precise eligible error classes;
- how
Retry-Afteris parsed and capped; - availability of structured error fields and request IDs;
- whether stream errors can arrive after an HTTP success and how partial output is represented;
- support for schema-constrained output, refusal states, and explicit incomplete or failed statuses; and
- idempotency keys, operation lookup, replay guarantees, and documented side-effect behavior.
OpenAI and Anthropic document different interfaces and defaults across products and SDKs. Recheck those details whenever you change endpoint, model, language library, or library version, and pin versions where reproducibility matters.
A practical decision tree
- Did the call return a provider or transport error? Normalize status, type, request ID, stream state, and completion certainty.
- Is the cause permanent? Fix input, credentials, permissions, or configuration; do not retry unchanged.
- Could the request have completed? Check operation state, session state, or completed actions before replaying.
- Is the cause transient and replay safe? Retry with backoff, jitter,
Retry-After, an attempt cap, and an overall deadline. - Did a response arrive? Check status, refusal or incomplete state, parse the format, and enforce domain constraints.
- Did any check fail? Return a typed validation or refusal outcome; never substitute a guessed decision.
- Did the budget expire? Return unavailable or indeterminate and invoke the preselected risk-based fallback.
This sequence keeps transport recovery, output correctness, and business risk separate. That separation is what prevents a timeout from becoming a duplicate action and prevents malformed model output from becoming an authoritative decision.
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