Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsStart by identifying which failure you have: a browser that will not launch, a Chromium crash, a headed test with no display, or a screenshot that launches successfully but fails its visual comparison. These problems have different fixes. The most reliable first checks are to align the Playwright package, browser binaries, and Docker image; install Linux browser dependencies; and run visual comparisons in the same environment used to create their baselines.
Classify the failure before changing the setup
Read the test output and determine whether the browser started. A missing executable or launch error points to browser installation, version alignment, system dependencies, or display setup. A Chromium process crash points to container runtime or resource conditions. If the page loads and toHaveScreenshot() reports a mismatch, investigate rendering differences and page content instead of treating it as a browser installation problem.
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| Failure | Evidence to check | First step |
|---|---|---|
| Browser executable missing or launch error | Error text, browser logs, Playwright package and browser versions | Align the package and image versions, then install the matching browser and Linux dependencies. |
| Chromium crashes in the container | Browser logs and Docker runtime configuration | Check whether --init and --ipc=host fit the symptoms. |
| Screenshot visual-diff failure | Actual and expected images; baseline browser and platform | Run in the baseline environment and inspect environmental or page-content differences. |
| Headed-mode failure on Linux | Whether a display server is available | Run under Xvfb. |
The exact error, browser, Playwright version, Dockerfile, Ubuntu release, and baseline environment determine the diagnosis. Without those details, there is no single root cause to assume.
Align the Playwright package, browser, and Docker image
Playwright browser binaries are tied to Playwright releases. If the project package and the Docker image expect different releases, the browser executable may be missing or unavailable. Pin the image version and keep it aligned with the Playwright version installed by the project; do not upgrade blindly just because an example uses a newer version. See the Playwright Docker guidance and browser installation documentation.
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- Check the project version with
npx playwright --version. - Use a Playwright Docker image tag that matches that version, or install the browser binaries for the project’s pinned version in your custom image.
- Install the browser your tests use and the Linux system dependencies it needs.
- Rebuild the image after changing its browser or dependency installation, then rerun the failing test.
For a custom image, Playwright’s Docker documentation says it needs Node.js, the browser binaries, and the browser system dependencies. The following is an example pattern from the documentation; replace 1.63.0 with the project’s actual Playwright version:
FROM node:20-bookworm
RUN npx -y [email protected] install --with-depsThat command installs browsers and dependencies for the specified Playwright release. If you only need Chromium, the browser guide documents npx playwright install --with-deps chromium. Installation and dependency checks are described in the browser guide.
Install missing Ubuntu browser dependencies
Installing a browser binary alone may not be enough on Linux: browser processes also rely on operating-system packages. Use Playwright’s install command with dependencies when building the image, or install the dependencies for the browser you run. The CLI supports dry-run inspection before installation:
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npx playwright install --dry-run
npx playwright install-deps --dry-runOn Linux, the dependency dry run simulates the package installation actions and exits nonzero if packages are missing. This can help distinguish an incomplete dependency setup from a visual assertion failure. See the Playwright command-line documentation.
Check Docker runtime settings for Chromium crashes
These options address container process or Chromium memory concerns; they are not general fixes for screenshot pixel differences. For relevant Chromium-in-Docker symptoms, try the documented runtime settings:
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docker run --init --ipc=host ...--initprovides an init process to help handle PID 1 and zombie-process behavior.--ipc=hostcan reduce Chromium memory-related crashes by changing the container’s shared-memory setup.
For unusual Chromium launch errors during local development, Playwright’s Docker guide also suggests trying --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN. Treat it as a diagnostic option for that situation, not a routine requirement or a remedy for visual diffs. Refer to the Docker guide for the context behind these settings.
Make visual screenshot comparisons repeatable
A visual mismatch does not necessarily mean the application changed. Playwright notes that rendering can vary with host OS, browser version, settings, hardware, power source, headless mode, and other conditions. Different browsers and platforms can also render fonts and pages differently. Generate and compare baselines in the same environment whenever possible; if you test multiple browser-platform combinations, maintain baselines for the combinations you intend to support. See Visual comparisons.
Inspect the baseline and the actual screenshot
- Confirm the baseline was created with the same browser and platform as the failing run.
- Check whether the Docker image, browser version, headless mode, or fonts differ from the baseline environment.
- Inspect the actual and expected images to determine whether the difference is a genuine UI change, rendering drift, or volatile page content.
Use screenshot assertions and update snapshots deliberately
Playwright’s toHaveScreenshot() assertion captures until two consecutive screenshots match before saving a new reference. Keep snapshot files under version control and review changes. If the UI change is intentional, update the reference with:
npx playwright test --update-snapshotsReview the resulting image diffs before accepting them. Updating snapshots is not a substitute for diagnosing unexpected changes.
Handle genuinely volatile regions carefully
For content that is intentionally outside the visual contract—for example, a region that changes independently of the UI being tested—Playwright supports a stylePath stylesheet option to hide volatile content during comparison. Use it narrowly: hiding content that should be tested can conceal regressions. The options and baseline workflow are documented in Visual comparisons.
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Collect browser launch diagnostics
Enable Playwright browser logging to see more detail about launch failures:
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DEBUG=pw:browser npx playwright testIf you run headed tests on Linux, a display server is needed. Use Xvfb, for example:
xvfb-run npx playwright testPlaywright documents Xvfb for headed Linux runs and notes that its Docker image and GitHub Action include it. See the continuous integration guidance.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Troubleshooting by symptom
“Executable doesn’t exist” or browser cannot be found
Check the project’s Playwright version against the image and installed browser version. Install the browser binaries for the project’s version, and rebuild the image. A browser installed for a different Playwright release may not be available where the test expects it.
Browser fails to start in Ubuntu
Check that the selected browser’s Linux system dependencies are installed. Use npx playwright install --with-deps chromium for Chromium, or the appropriate browser install command. Then collect DEBUG=pw:browser output to narrow down the launch failure.
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Chromium exits or crashes inside Docker
Inspect browser logs and container runtime settings. Try --init for process handling and --ipc=host for applicable Chromium memory crashes. These options will not correct a browser-version mismatch or an image-diff assertion.
Headed tests fail but headless tests work
Confirm that a display server is available in the Linux container. Run the headed suite with xvfb-run npx playwright test.
The test runs, but the image differs from its snapshot
Compare the test and baseline environments, including browser, OS, fonts, and headless mode. Inspect the actual and expected images, then determine whether the change is intentional. Update snapshots only after review.
The image changes between runs
Check for dynamic page content and environmental drift. If a region is intentionally volatile and outside the test’s visual contract, use the documented stylePath option narrowly to exclude it from comparison.
Or skip the browser setup
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