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Start by identifying what is wrong
Keep one failing Hindi string unchanged while diagnosing. Empty boxes or missing characters commonly point to unavailable glyphs or a font-selection problem. If characters appear but a conjunct, vowel sign, or particular word is malformed, font-specific shaping or rendering may be involved. These are different failure modes and need different checks.
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- Record the operating system or container base image, Chrome version, ChromeDriver version, the browser binary Selenium launches, and the exact text that fails.
- If possible, open the same page in visible Chrome inside the same runtime. If both visible and headless Chrome fail, inspect font installation, CSS font selection, and whether the page’s fonts and text have loaded. If only the automated environment fails, compare its image contents and browser binary with the working environment. This comparison narrows the cause; it does not guarantee one diagnosis.
- Check for a Devanagari-capable font in the runtime that launches Chrome, then check which font the page selects.
- After font availability and selection are confirmed, investigate shaping with another Devanagari font and several test strings.
- Only then compare browser-version or headless-binary differences.
Check Devanagari fonts in the Linux runtime
A font installed on a developer workstation is not automatically installed in a container or CI image. The font must be available where Chrome actually runs, and the runtime’s font discovery must be able to find it.
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Outbyte PC Repair FREERepair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Outbyte Driver Updater FREEScan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →A Chromium source change dated March 4, 2026 specifies Linux Devanagari defaults: Noto Sans Devanagari for standard and sans-serif text, Noto Serif Devanagari for serif, and Noto Sans Mono for fixed-width text. The change notes that Chromium previously had no configured Devanagari defaults and relied on generic system font resolution. These mappings describe Chromium’s defaults; they do not establish that every system has those font files installed.
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On the target machine or inside the target image, inspect installed fonts and verify that the relevant Devanagari font is discoverable. Use the package manager and font-inspection tools appropriate to that distribution; package names and contents vary, so check the distribution’s current package documentation rather than copying a package list blindly.
Ubuntu and Debian package clue
A May 2019 answer in a Google Chrome Help Community thread about Ubuntu Server reported installing fonts-indic, fonts-noto, and fonts-noto-cjk as a workaround. Treat that as an anecdotal, dated report—not an official Chrome recommendation or a verified current recipe. It does not establish which package in the bundle resolved the issue. Confirm current package names and font coverage for the specific image you use.
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Check CSS font selection and loading
If the page is yours or its styling is configurable, specify an installed Devanagari-capable family in the CSS font stack. For example, use font-family: "Noto Sans Devanagari", sans-serif; only after confirming that family is installed in the browser runtime. A CSS family name does not install a font, and the browser can fall back if it cannot resolve the requested family.
Before capturing, make sure the page’s CSS and any web fonts have finished loading. A screenshot taken before font loading completes may capture fallback text even when the intended font is eventually available. Keep the test string fixed and include examples with conjuncts and vowel signs so you can compare results reliably.
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Separate missing glyphs from shaping problems
If the glyphs are blank or replaced by boxes, investigate font coverage and fallback first. If the text is visible but one word or combination of marks is wrong, compare a second Devanagari font and test multiple strings. Do not assume every malformed result means the font files are missing: a Noto Fonts Devanagari project issue opened January 20, 2026 reports one Hindi word rendering incorrectly in a Google Fonts example, but the report does not establish the root cause.
Confirm which headless Chrome Selenium launches
Chrome’s current headless mode shares browser code with headful Chrome, according to Chrome for Developers. Since Chrome 132.0.6793.0, the old headless implementation is distributed as a separate chrome-headless-shell binary. Record the actual binary and version used by Selenium before comparing a headless screenshot with another Chrome run; a difference in binary or version can complicate the comparison.
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Selenium can pass Chrome’s --headless argument, but the flag does not install fonts or repair missing glyph coverage. Changing screenshot flags is not a substitute for checking the browser runtime’s fonts.
Capture a diagnostic screenshot with Selenium
This minimal Python example captures the page after a fixed delay. Replace the URL and text context with your test page. The delay is only a simple illustration; for a reliable test, wait for the page’s own readiness condition and font loading before capturing.
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from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
import time
options = Options()
options.add_argument("--headless")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
try:
driver.get("https://example.com")
time.sleep(2) # Diagnostic placeholder; prefer a page-specific readiness wait.
driver.save_screenshot("hindi.png")
finally:
driver.quit()For a page you control, add a readiness check before save_screenshot—for example, wait for a known element and ensure the page’s fonts have loaded. Selenium’s screenshot operation captures the browser’s rendered output; it does not provide a separate Hindi font-rendering layer.
Troubleshooting common outcomes
- Hindi is boxes in both headless and visible Chrome in the same container: check whether a Devanagari font is installed and discoverable in that container, and inspect the page’s selected font.
- The workstation looks correct but CI or a container does not: inspect the image that launches Chrome, not just the workstation. Install and verify fonts in that runtime.
- Text appears, but conjuncts or vowel signs look malformed: compare a second installed Devanagari font and test several strings; do not treat this automatically as missing glyph files.
- An explicit CSS font family changes nothing: verify that the named font is actually present and loaded in the runtime. A CSS declaration alone does not install it.
- Visible Chrome works but the Selenium capture does not: compare the exact browser binary and version, runtime image, font availability, and page readiness. Determine whether Selenium is launching current headless Chrome or the standalone old shell.
- You are considering
--disable-gpu: the cited evidence supports checking fonts and runtime configuration, not that flag as a Hindi fix.
Or skip the browser setup
If you need a screenshot without maintaining a browser runtime, ScreenshotNeo offers a website screenshot API and MCP server. A single request can return an image or PDF. Its cleanup can accept consent banners and remove known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; bot checks, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, with the result identified in response headers. AI agents can use its MCP tools, including take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf. These capabilities do not change how a target page’s Hindi text is rendered: if its browser cannot render the font correctly, the screenshot still reflects that output.
cURL example, with the API options documented at ScreenshotNeo docs:
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