A humanoid robot is ready for a public-space trial only if its safety has been assessed for the specific robot configuration, task, location, people, and operating conditions involved. There is no universal readiness score or standard reference that, by itself, proves a robot is safe or legally permitted everywhere. Use a documented risk assessment, test the robot in representative conditions, record residual risks and operating limits, and confirm local requirements before deployment.
Define what “ready” means for this deployment
Start by describing the proposed use, not by asking whether the robot is safe in the abstract. A robot that can perform a task under controlled conditions may present different risks when people can approach it, surfaces change, or the robot operates for longer hours.
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Record the task and operating envelope: the exact location and hours, expected crowd and user groups, access boundaries, nearby hazards, surfaces and environmental conditions, and the robot’s permitted speed, reach, payload, and operating mode. These details define what the evaluation must cover; they are practical prompts, not a quoted ISO checklist.
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Also identify what would invalidate the assessment. A change to the task, site, software, hardware, or people likely to encounter the robot can change the risks and may require reassessment.
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Check whether the relevant standards apply
ISO 13482:2014
ISO 13482:2014, Robots and robotic devices — Safety requirements for personal care robots, is a useful starting point for some personal-care robots. ISO says it specifies requirements and guidelines for inherently safe design, protective measures, and information for use, and addresses physical contact between people and robots in personal-care applications. ISO’s listing says the standard was last reviewed and confirmed in 2020 and remains current.
Its scope is limited. It is earthbound and excludes, among other things, industrial robots and robots that are medical devices. Do not assume that a humanoid robot, its intended role, or a particular public venue falls within the standard’s scope. ISO also notes that other standards or regulations may apply.
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Application guidance and revision status
ISO/TR 23482-2:2019 provides application guidance, including risk assessment and risk reduction for close human-robot interaction and contact.
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Assess the hazards and controls
Build the hazard review around the robot’s actual task and surroundings. Consider both expected and unexpected human movement, close approaches and physical contact, unintended robot movement, manipulation and end-effectors, obstacles, trip or pinch points, and what could happen if sensors or controls fail. Add hazards specific to the site and use; a generic list cannot substitute for a case-specific assessment.
Review risk reduction in this order:
- Inherently safe design: Examine whether the robot’s design avoids or reduces hazards at their source.
- Protective measures and controls: Check the safeguards and control behavior relevant to normal operation, foreseeable abnormal situations, and failures.
- Information and procedures: Document instructions, operator responsibilities, and procedures for stopping or suspending operation. Warnings and operator vigilance should not be treated as substitutes for effective design and safeguards.
For every remaining hazard, record who could be exposed, what mitigations are in place, who is responsible for monitoring, and what conditions require a stop or shutdown.
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Test behavior in representative conditions
Set the test scenarios and acceptance logic before testing. Include normal operation and the foreseeable abnormal or failure conditions that matter for the task. Test in conditions representative of the intended site and the people likely to encounter the robot; a result from a materially different environment does not establish performance in the proposed deployment.
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The cited ISO material does not prescribe one universal public-space test suite or pass threshold. Avoid presenting an internal test result as a general certification or proof of readiness. State what was tested, under which conditions, and what the result does—and does not—support.
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Validate measurements and numeric limits
Be cautious when an assessment relies on numerical limits for impact-related pain or injury. ISO’s published material says exhaustive, internationally recognized data for such limits was lacking when the 2014 edition was published. If you use numeric values or measurements, explain why they are suitable for this robot, the population, and the use case, and validate the measurement method. Do not turn a threshold into a universal guarantee of safety.
Document residual risk and operating limits
The evaluation should leave operators with a usable record of what remains risky and how the trial is bounded. Document residual hazards, exposed groups, mitigations, responsible operators, monitoring duties, and stop or shutdown conditions. State the conditions that suspend the trial, then reassess if the task, site, software, hardware, or population changes.
Check requirements beyond robot safety standards
A standards reference does not establish that a deployment is legally permitted. Before a trial, identify requirements that apply to the particular jurisdiction and venue, including permits and venue policies, accessibility and emergency access, privacy and cybersecurity, and any sector-specific rules. The applicable law cannot be determined without the location and deployment details.
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