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To make a Python instance without custom setup, either omit __init__ or define an empty one with pass. For a class with an explicit empty initializer, write def __init__(self): and create an instance with Example()—Python supplies self automatically.
Omit __init__ when there is nothing to initialize
A class does not need to define an initializer just to be instantiable. If the class has no custom setup to perform, Python’s inherited construction behavior lets you create a no-argument instance:
class Marker:
pass
marker = Marker()This is often the clearest choice for a class with no per-instance state or setup. Calling a class creates an object; an empty initializer is not required. See the Python 3.14.8 classes tutorial for the instantiation behavior.
Write an explicit empty initializer with pass
If you want to show the initialization hook explicitly—for example, in a teaching example or as a placeholder for planned setup—you can define it with a body containing pass:
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class Marker:
def __init__(self):
pass
marker = Marker()pass is a statement that does nothing, used here because a Python function body cannot be left blank. The call remains Marker(), with no argument for self.
Understand self and constructor arguments
For an instance method such as __init__, Python supplies the instance as the first argument when the method is called. By convention, that parameter is named self; it is not a special keyword, but the method must accept it. Therefore, write def __init__(self):, not def __init__():, and normally create an object by calling the class rather than calling __init__ yourself.
An initializer written as def __init__(self): accepts no additional arguments from the caller. Example() works; Example(value) raises TypeError unless the class’s construction methods accept that argument. If a value should be optional, give it a default:
class User:
def __init__(self, name="Guest"):
self.name = name
user = User()Add initialization when the instance needs state
An empty initializer does not create application-specific attributes. Assign an attribute before code tries to use it. For per-instance mutable state, create the value inside __init__ so each object gets its own value:
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def __init__(self):
self.pages = []
first = Notebook()
second = Notebook()
first.pages.append("Notes")
print(first.pages) # ['Notes']
print(second.pages) # []Putting pages = [] directly in the class body instead would make it a class attribute shared through the class, rather than a separate list for each notebook.
Know what __init__ does—and what it does not
Python’s construction process uses __new__ to create an object, then calls __init__ to initialize it when the created object is an instance of the requested class. Ordinary classes rarely need a custom __new__; an empty initializer question normally concerns only __init__. The Python data model reference describes the distinction.
__init__ must return None. Do not return self or another value from it; a non-None return value causes TypeError.
Handle a base class initializer in a subclass
When a subclass defines its own __init__, Python does not automatically run the base class’s initializer. If that base initializer performs setup the subclass relies on, call it explicitly with super().__init__():
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def __init__(self):
self.ready = True
class Child(Base):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.name = "example"If the base initializer is empty, the call performs no setup; whether to include it depends on the base class’s contract.
Choose the form that matches the class
| Form | Use it when | Effect |
|---|---|---|
Omit __init__ |
The class has no per-instance initialization to perform. | Concise; instances can use the inherited no-argument construction behavior. |
def __init__(self): pass |
An explicit initialization hook helps explain the class or gives you a place to add setup. | Valid, but currently performs no setup and accepts no extra caller-supplied arguments. |
Both are valid. Prefer omission when the method would do nothing; define an initializer when it has a real setup job or when an explicit hook is useful.
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