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Repair common Windows errors and clear accumulated junk for a smoother, more stable PC - no reinstall needed.Free scan · no reinstallTo give every user a hostname such as acme.example.com, create one wildcard DNS record (*.example.com) that points to your load balancer, reverse proxy, or application ingress. Then configure that edge server to accept wildcard hostnames and have the application extract the left-most label, look up the matching tenant, and enforce authorization. You do not add a DNS record for every user.
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Wildcard DNS only delivers requests. It does not create users, select an account, provide authorization, or isolate tenant data. Those responsibilities belong to your web server and application.
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1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsHow wildcard subdomains work
When a browser requests https://acme.example.com, the resolver asks the authoritative DNS service for that hostname. If no more-specific record exists, a wildcard record such as *.example.com can answer for the subdomain and return the address of a shared load balancer, reverse proxy, or ingress.
The request then arrives at the edge with a Host value of acme.example.com. Your web server must accept that hostname, terminate or pass through HTTPS, and forward the original host to the application. The application parses acme, finds the corresponding tenant, and applies that tenant’s authorization rules.
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This separation is important:
- DNS: resolves many hostnames to the same destination.
- Edge server: chooses the virtual host and forwards the request.
- Application: maps the hostname to a tenant and decides what the requester may access.
- Database: stores a unique, normalized tenant identifier and the account’s status.
A wildcard record therefore replaces repetitive DNS provisioning; it does not replace tenant provisioning in your application.
Plan the hostname and tenant identifier first
Choose a stable format
A common format is tenant-slug.example.com. The slug should be a unique identifier intended for URLs, not a display name that can later change. Store it in the tenant table with a uniqueness constraint.
Keep the public slug separate from a company name or user-facing label. For example, a tenant might display as “Acme Corporation” while its immutable hostname slug is acme.
Reserve names before accepting sign-ups
Do not allow users to claim labels needed by infrastructure or product routes. Typical reserved names include www, api, admin, and _acme-challenge. Maintain the reserved list in the same validation path used for registration so a later deployment cannot accidentally create a collision.
Validate DNS-safe labels
Normalize case consistently and reject dots, slashes, control characters, and any characters that violate your chosen DNS-label rules. A label should not be interpreted as a filesystem path, SQL fragment, or arbitrary backend URL. If you need human-readable names with spaces or punctuation, store them separately from the slug.
Step 1: Add the wildcard DNS record
- Open the authoritative DNS provider for
example.com. - Create an A record whose name is
*(displayed by some providers as*.example.com) and whose value is the public IP address of your load balancer, reverse proxy, or ingress. - Alternatively, create a CNAME wildcard pointing to the provider hostname that fronts your application. Use the record type supported by your infrastructure and DNS provider.
- Set a TTL appropriate for your change-management policy. DNS answers are cached, so changing or removing the wildcard will not take effect everywhere at the same instant.
- Confirm that the provider allows wildcard records at the zone level and that no more-specific record already overrides the hostname you are testing.
Cloudflare documents wildcard records with * in the Name field and notes that an A, AAAA, or CNAME record can be used for a subdomain label. The exact control-panel labels vary by provider, but the DNS result is the same: many otherwise-unlisted labels resolve to a shared destination.
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The apex is separate
*.example.com matches subdomains; it does not replace an explicit record for example.com. Create an apex A, AAAA, or provider-supported alias record if the bare domain should work, or configure the apex to redirect to a chosen hostname. Test both names independently.
Wildcard precedence matters
An explicit record such as api.example.com takes precedence over the wildcard. This lets you keep platform endpoints on separate infrastructure while sending tenant labels through the shared ingress. Document those exceptions so a reserved name is not accidentally treated as a tenant.
Step 2: Configure HTTPS for the wildcard
Every tenant hostname must be covered by a certificate presented by the edge. If you serve both the bare domain and wildcard hostnames, use a certificate covering example.com and *.example.com. A wildcard name covers one label, so it covers acme.example.com but not a deeper name such as region.acme.example.com.
Cloudflare notes that, in its documented CNAME-based setup, a wildcard certificate covering both the apex and wildcard names requires two domain-control-validation tokens at the authoritative DNS provider. The precise issuance and renewal process depends on your certificate authority, DNS provider, and whether traffic is proxied.
For a multi-tenant service, DNS-01 automation is generally the scalable certificate-validation pattern because it can prove control of the DNS zone without placing a challenge file in every tenant site. Protect the DNS API secret, limit its permissions, and document provider-specific renewal and rollback procedures. Confirm that the edge has the renewed certificate before allowing a new hostname to be advertised.
Step 3: Route wildcard hosts at the edge
NGINX configuration
NGINX can match wildcard names with server_name. A minimal TLS reverse-proxy shape is:
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server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name *.example.com;
# ssl_certificate and ssl_certificate_key are provider-specific
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_pass http://tenant_app;
}
}The proxy_set_header Host $host; line preserves the requested hostname for tenant resolution. Without an intentional Host-header policy, the upstream may receive the proxy’s name instead of the tenant’s name.
NGINX documents exact-name, wildcard, and regular-expression matching order. A wildcard server name may contain an asterisk only at the start or end of the name and only on a dot boundary. If you use a regular-expression server name, constrain it to the label syntax you actually accept and use a named capture when the captured slug must be reused in routing:
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listen 443 ssl;
server_name ~^(?<tenant>[a-z0-9](?:[a-z0-9-]{0,61}[a-z0-9])?).example.com$;
# ssl_certificate and ssl_certificate_key are provider-specific
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Tenant-Slug $tenant;
proxy_pass http://tenant_app;
}
}The application should still validate and look up the slug; a captured value is routing input, not proof that the tenant exists or that the caller is authorized.
Prevent an unsafe default virtual host
Configure the default HTTPS server deliberately. An unknown or malformed Host header must not fall through to another customer’s site. Return a controlled error or redirect to a neutral landing page, and make sure the default certificate and response do not reveal tenant content.
Apache configuration
Apache uses name-based virtual hosting. A virtual host declares the address and port, then uses ServerName and ServerAlias to identify hostnames and DocumentRoot or a proxy rule to select content. A representative shape is:
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName example.com
ServerAlias *.example.com
SSLEngine on
# SSLCertificateFile and SSLCertificateKeyFile are provider-specific
ProxyPreserveHost On
ProxyPass / http://tenant_app/
ProxyPassReverse / http://tenant_app/
</VirtualHost>For deployments that map a captured site name to a per-tenant directory, Apache’s rewrite documentation shows a captured hostname being mapped into a path such as /home/%1/www. Treat that pattern as a constrained mapping, not permission to concatenate an unchecked Host header into a filesystem path. Apache’s documentation also makes clear that DNS resolution is separate from Apache configuration: the wildcard or CNAME must exist at the DNS provider.
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Step 4: Resolve the tenant in the application
- Read the host value supplied by the trusted edge. If your proxy terminates TLS, define exactly which header is authoritative and strip untrusted copies from the public request.
- Lowercase the hostname, remove the expected suffix, and require exactly one non-empty left-most label. Reject ports, unexpected suffixes, additional labels, and malformed input.
- Check the label against the same syntax and reserved-name rules used during registration.
- Look up the normalized slug in the tenant table using a unique index.
- Reject unknown, suspended, deleted, or inactive tenants before selecting data or rendering a response.
- Apply normal authentication and authorization. A valid hostname identifies a tenant; it does not identify a user or grant access.
- Attach the resolved tenant ID to the request context and use that ID in every database query, cache key, object-storage path, audit event, and background job.
Never turn an unchecked hostname directly into a filesystem path or backend URL. Resolve it through a database record, then use the record’s internal tenant ID and approved configuration. This prevents path traversal, host-header injection, cross-tenant cache collisions, and accidental requests to internal services.
Example request decisions
| Requested host | Expected result | Reason |
|---|---|---|
acme.example.com |
Load Acme after authentication and authorization | Valid, active tenant slug |
unknown.example.com |
Controlled 404 or tenant-not-found response | DNS can resolve a name that the application has not provisioned |
api.example.com |
Platform API route, not a tenant | Reserved or explicit subdomain |
example.com |
Apex site or redirect | Wildcard records do not match the apex |
bad.name.example.com |
Reject or route to the neutral default host | Unexpected depth for a one-label tenant format |
Provisioning a new tenant
With wildcard DNS, creating a tenant normally changes application state rather than DNS state.
- Validate and reserve the requested slug in a transaction.
- Create the tenant record, including its internal ID, normalized slug, status, and ownership relationship.
- Provision tenant-specific settings, roles, and data using the internal ID.
- Verify that the wildcard certificate and edge route already cover the hostname.
- Activate the tenant only after required initialization succeeds.
- Return the canonical URL, such as
https://acme.example.com.
Deletion and rename flows need equal care. Mark a tenant inactive before removing data, decide whether the old hostname should return an error or redirect, and keep reserved slugs unavailable if old links or security logs must remain unambiguous.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Test the complete path
- Query the authoritative DNS service and confirm that a new test label returns the wildcard destination.
- Resolve the apex separately and verify that it behaves as designed.
- Open the tenant URL over HTTPS and inspect the certificate name coverage.
- Send a request with a known active slug and verify that the application selects only that tenant’s data.
- Try an unknown slug and confirm a controlled not-found response rather than another tenant’s page.
- Try reserved names, uppercase input, an embedded dot, a slash, a port, and a deeper hostname.
- Send an unknown Host header directly to the edge and confirm that the default virtual host does not expose customer content.
- Check logs at DNS, edge, and application layers. Record the requested host, resolved tenant ID, response status, and correlation ID without logging secrets.
- Test certificate renewal and DNS-provider failure paths before relying on automatic renewal.
Wildcard DNS versus per-tenant records
| Approach | Operational model | Advantages | Trade-offs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wildcard DNS with shared ingress | One wildcard record sends many labels to the same edge | Minimal provisioning work; straightforward for large or frequently changing tenant populations | Application must reject unknown slugs and enforce all tenant isolation; one edge configuration serves many hosts |
| Per-tenant DNS records | An A, AAAA, or CNAME record is created and removed for each account | More granular DNS control and the ability to direct selected tenants to different destinations | Provisioning, cleanup, permissions, TTL changes, and drift must be managed for every account |
Choose per-tenant records when DNS-level separation is a real requirement, such as directing accounts to distinct infrastructures. Choose a wildcard when the edge and application already provide the intended shared routing and isolation.
NGINX or Apache?
| Question | NGINX | Apache |
|---|---|---|
| Hostname matching | Wildcard and regular-expression server_name matching, with documented matching order and named captures |
Name-based virtual hosts using ServerName and ServerAlias |
| Typical tenant handoff | Reverse proxy with the original Host header preserved | Reverse proxy or rewrite/virtual-host mapping |
| Best fit | Teams already operating NGINX ingress and centralized proxy configuration | Teams using Apache’s virtual-host and rewrite ecosystem or per-site document roots |
| Main caution | Regex and wildcard precedence can produce an unexpected server block if patterns overlap | Rewrite mappings must be constrained; DNS is configured outside Apache |
Neither server identifies a tenant by itself. The practical choice is the deployment model your team can monitor, secure, and update consistently.
Hostnames versus path-based tenancy
Host-based tenancy gives each account a distinct origin URL and lets the application derive the tenant from the hostname. It requires wildcard DNS and wildcard TLS coverage, plus careful Host-header handling.
Path-based tenancy, such as example.com/acme, can simplify certificate management because one hostname is used, but it changes URL semantics and makes the tenant prefix part of every route, link, cache key, and authorization decision. It is not automatically more isolated; the application must still scope every query and asset to the tenant.
Common failures and fixes
The new hostname does not resolve
Check that the record was created in the authoritative zone, that the name is entered as * rather than an unintended literal, and that no explicit record or delegation overrides it. Remember that cached DNS answers can outlive a change according to the configured TTL.
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DNS resolves but HTTPS fails
Confirm that the edge certificate covers the wildcard name, that the certificate is installed on the server handling the request, and that the certificate authority’s validation completed. If both apex and wildcard names are served, verify coverage for both.
Every tenant sees the same page
Inspect the Host header arriving at the application and the proxy configuration that forwards it. Then verify that tenant lookup occurs before data access and that caches include the resolved tenant ID rather than only the URL path.
An unknown slug shows another tenant
Fix the default virtual host and make unknown slugs fail closed. The application should return a controlled error before selecting a tenant, and the edge should never use a customer’s site as its catch-all response.
A reserved service name is treated as a tenant
Create explicit DNS and edge routes for platform names such as api and admin, and enforce the reserved-name list during slug validation. Explicit records take precedence over the wildcard, but the application must still recognize those names as non-tenant routes.
The origin sees the wrong hostname behind a proxy
Check whether the DNS provider is proxying traffic, which Host-related headers it preserves, and which header your edge trusts. Configure one documented trust boundary, remove spoofable public headers, and test the value observed by the application.
Security and operations checklist
- Use a unique, normalized slug with a database uniqueness constraint.
- Reserve infrastructure labels before user registration.
- Reject dots, slashes, control characters, invalid labels, and unexpected hostname depth.
- Keep tenant IDs separate from display names and from filesystem or backend paths.
- Preserve and validate the intended Host value at the proxy boundary.
- Fail closed for unknown, inactive, malformed, and unauthorized tenants.
- Ensure every cache, query, object path, and background job is tenant-scoped.
- Cover the apex and wildcard names with the intended certificate configuration.
- Automate wildcard certificate renewal with protected, least-privilege DNS credentials.
- Monitor DNS, certificate, edge-routing, tenant-lookup, and cross-tenant-access errors separately.
- Document TTL behavior and the rollback plan for DNS, edge, and application changes.
The durable pattern is simple: one wildcard DNS record sends many hostnames to a controlled ingress, the ingress preserves the hostname, and the application turns a validated slug into an authorized tenant context. Treat each layer as responsible for only its own job, and a new user can receive a working subdomain without a new DNS record.
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