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FastAPI’s current container guidance favors one Uvicorn process per container and scaling by adding containers. Read the official guidance at FastAPI in Containers – Docker. The older tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker image is deprecated; use a normal Python base image and the official FastAPI container pattern instead.
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Your VPS will run two Compose services on one private network:
- api: your FastAPI application, listening on port 8000 inside its container. It has no public port mapping.
- caddy: the public reverse proxy. It publishes ports 80 and 443, terminates TLS, and proxies traffic to
api:8000.
Only the proxy needs a public address. This prevents clients from bypassing HTTPS or the proxy’s routing rules. The same arrangement works with Traefik or Nginx, but Caddy has the smallest configuration for one domain.
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Prerequisites on the VPS
- A Linux VPS with a public IPv4 address and a DNS name you control, such as
api.example.com. - Docker Engine and the Docker Compose plugin installed from your distribution or Docker’s installation instructions.
- TCP ports 80 and 443 allowed by the VPS provider and host firewall, plus SSH access for administration.
- A project containing your FastAPI source, a
Dockerfile, a dependency file, a Compose file, a Caddyfile, and an environment file.
Point the domain’s A record at the VPS before starting Caddy. Automatic certificate issuance requires that the domain resolve to this machine and that the proxy be reachable on ports 80 and 443.
Create the FastAPI application
Use this minimal layout:
fastapi-compose-vps/
├── app/
│ └── main.py
├── requirements.txt
├── Dockerfile
├── compose.yaml
├── Caddyfile
└── .envWrite the application module
Create app/main.py:
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI(title='VPS API')
@app.get('/health')
def health():
return {'status': 'ok'}
@app.get('/')
def read_root():
return {'message': 'FastAPI is running'}The import path is significant. With this file, the application object is app.main:app. FastAPI’s CLI command used below points to the file directly, so the container does not need a custom module path at startup.
Declare dependencies
Put the FastAPI package with its standard command-line and server extras in requirements.txt:
fastapi[standard]For repeatable releases, replace the floating dependency with versions you have tested and rebuild the image whenever the file changes.
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Build a production-friendly Docker image
Create Dockerfile:
FROM python:3.12-slim
WORKDIR /code
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt
COPY app ./app
EXPOSE 8000
CMD fastapi run app/main.py --proxy-headers --port 8000The official example uses fastapi run app/main.py --proxy-headers --port 80. This version uses 8000 so the internal port is explicit in Compose; either port is valid if every reference matches. The --proxy-headers option is important when TLS is terminated by Caddy or another proxy: it lets FastAPI/Uvicorn use the forwarded scheme and client information when generating URLs and handling request metadata.
EXPOSE documents the container port; it does not publish that port on the VPS. Public exposure is controlled in the Compose file.
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Create compose.yaml:
services:
caddy:
image: caddy:2
restart: unless-stopped
ports:
- '80:80'
- '443:443'
volumes:
- ./Caddyfile:/etc/caddy/Caddyfile:ro
- caddy_data:/data
- caddy_config:/config
depends_on:
- api
api:
build: .
restart: unless-stopped
env_file: .env
expose:
- '8000'
volumes:
caddy_data:
caddy_config:expose makes port 8000 available to other services on the Compose network without binding it to the VPS. Do not add 8000:8000 under api.ports unless you intentionally want to bypass the proxy.
restart: unless-stopped brings both containers back after a crash or VPS reboot, while respecting an explicit manual stop. depends_on starts Caddy after the API container is created, but it is not a readiness test; the proxy may briefly return an upstream error while the application is starting.
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Keep secrets outside the image
Create .env on the VPS and do not commit it to source control:
APP_ENV=production
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:[email protected]/app
SECRET_KEY=replace-with-a-long-random-valueThe env_file entry injects these values at runtime, so they are not copied into the image layers. If one value needs a Compose-specific override, add an environment section; inline values take precedence over the file. Restrict the file’s permissions to the deployment account and rotate credentials if the file is exposed.
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Put Caddy in front of FastAPI for HTTPS
Create a file named Caddyfile beside compose.yaml:
api.example.com {
reverse_proxy api:8000
}Replace api.example.com with the DNS name that points to the VPS. Caddy’s official caddy:2 image reads this file, requests a certificate for the site, renews it, and forwards incoming requests to the Compose service name api on port 8000. The named caddy_data volume persists certificates across container recreation; caddy_config persists Caddy’s configuration data.
Mounting the Caddyfile read-only prevents the container from changing the source configuration. Keep ports 80 and 443 published by Caddy only. Port 80 is also needed for HTTP-to-HTTPS handling and certificate challenges, even if all application traffic should ultimately use HTTPS.
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Alternative proxies
| Proxy | Best fit | Configuration model | Important detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caddy | One domain or a small stack | A short Caddyfile | Publishes 80 and 443, stores certificates in persistent volumes, and proxies directly to api:8000. |
| Traefik | Several Compose services with changing routes | Docker labels | Set exposedByDefault to false so only explicitly labelled containers are routed. A typical deployment mounts the Docker socket read-only and stores Let’s Encrypt state in an acme.json file. |
| Nginx | Teams wanting manual routing and static-file control | Handwritten server configuration | It can terminate SSL and serve static files, but each route and certificate workflow must be configured explicitly. |
Image tags and proxy syntax change over time. Treat caddy:2 and Traefik v3 examples as starting points, verify the current image documentation, and pin a tested tag for a controlled release.
Run the stack on the VPS
- Install Docker and Compose. Confirm both commands are available with
docker --versionanddocker compose version. - Copy the project. Use Git, an archive transfer, or your deployment system. The directory on the VPS must contain
compose.yaml,Dockerfile,Caddyfile, theappdirectory, and.env. - Set the domain. Create an A record for the hostname in the Caddyfile and wait until public DNS resolves to the VPS address.
- Check the proxy file. Ensure the hostname is exact and the upstream is
api:8000, notlocalhost:8000. Inside Caddy,localhostmeans the Caddy container itself. - Build and start. From the project directory, run:
docker compose up -d --build- Inspect service status.
docker compose ps- Read logs if a service is unhealthy or missing.
docker compose logs -f api
docker compose logs -f caddy- Test the private application from inside the API container.
docker compose exec api python -c "import urllib.request; print(urllib.request.urlopen('http://127.0.0.1:8000/health').read().decode())"- Test the public endpoint. Visit
https://api.example.com/health. A successful response is JSON containingstatusset took.
When deploying a new revision, copy the changed files and run docker compose up -d --build again. Compose recreates the API container from the new image while preserving the named Caddy volumes.
Choose one Uvicorn process or multiple workers
Recommended default: one process per container
FastAPI’s Docker guidance recommends one Uvicorn process in each container. This keeps CPU and memory allocation visible to the container scheduler and lets you scale horizontally by adding API containers. For a small VPS, start with one container and measure before adding complexity.
If the service is stateless, you can request additional replicas with:
docker compose up -d --build --scale api=3All replicas share the Compose network. Confirm that your proxy and application handle multiple upstream addresses correctly, and move sessions, queues, and other shared state to an external service rather than relying on one container’s filesystem.
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When Gunicorn workers are justified
Gunicorn with Uvicorn workers is an alternative when you specifically need several worker processes inside each container, for example because a single process cannot use the available CPU efficiently. The documented pattern is:
gunicorn app.main:app -k uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker -b 0.0.0.0:8000Binding to 0.0.0.0 is required for traffic arriving from outside the container. A third-party deployment guide notes that the uvicorn.workers module is being deprecated in favor of the separate uvicorn-worker package; verify the current Uvicorn and Gunicorn documentation before adopting that command. Do not add Gunicorn merely because a template contains it: multiple workers increase memory use and can duplicate startup work.
Diagnose the failures you are most likely to see
| Symptom | Likely cause | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Caddy reports an upstream connection error | The API is still starting, crashed, or is listening on a different port. | Run docker compose logs api; confirm the command uses port 8000 and that Caddy uses api:8000. Restart after correcting the configuration. |
| The domain times out | DNS still points elsewhere, or ports 80/443 are blocked. | Check the A record from an external network and allow both TCP ports in the VPS/provider firewall. |
| Certificate issuance fails | The hostname is not publicly resolvable, port 80 is unavailable, or another service already owns the port. | Fix DNS, free ports 80 and 443, then inspect docker compose logs caddy. Keep the caddy_data volume so successful certificates are retained. |
| FastAPI generates HTTP URLs behind HTTPS | Forwarded headers are not trusted by the application process. | Ensure the startup command includes --proxy-headers and that the request is actually passing through the configured proxy. |
| The API is reachable directly on the VPS | An accidental ports mapping was added to the API service. |
Remove that mapping and leave only expose: '8000'; recreate the stack. |
| Environment values are missing | The file path is wrong, the variable name differs, or the container was not recreated. | Check that .env is beside compose.yaml, inspect the rendered configuration with docker compose config, and run docker compose up -d --build. |
| Changes are not visible after deployment | The old image is still running. | Use docker compose up -d --build; check the image creation time with docker compose images and verify the running container logs. |
Operational checklist
- Use a domain whose A record points to the VPS before starting the proxy.
- Publish 80 and 443 from Caddy only; keep the FastAPI port internal.
- Persist Caddy’s
/dataand/configdirectories with named volumes. - Keep database URLs, signing keys, and other secrets in
.env, outside the image and source repository. - Use
restart: unless-stoppedfor services that should return after a reboot. - Start with one Uvicorn process per API container; scale containers or choose Gunicorn workers only for a measured reason.
- Review logs after every deployment and test both the public HTTPS health endpoint and the application’s important routes.
- Pin and periodically update image and Python dependency versions after testing them in a staging environment.
Development and production files
A separate development Compose file can mount source code, enable reload, and use a local environment file, while production keeps the immutable image and public proxy configuration. This split is a convention, not a requirement. If you use it, keep production secrets in a separate file and select the intended file explicitly, for example:
docker compose -f compose.yaml -f compose.production.yaml up -d --buildDo not enable development reload in the production API container: it watches files, consumes extra resources, and is designed for local iteration rather than a continuously running VPS service.
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