Cellulose nanopaper can transmit most incoming light and still look hazy: total transmittance measures how much light passes through, while haze measures how much transmitted light is scattered diffusely. To control the balance, researchers tune fiber dimensions and packing, retain or blend different fiber sizes, and choose fabrication routes that shape the sheet’s internal structure and surfaces.
How do you control light scattering in nanopaper?
There is no single setting that determines whether a sheet is clear or hazy. The optical result depends on the fibers’ dimensions and arrangement, structures left inside the sheet, and the way the sheet is formed. Researchers therefore assess total transmittance and haze separately rather than treating transparency as a single number.
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- Fiber dimensions and packing: Fibers much smaller than visible-light wavelengths can scatter less light than ordinary paper fibers. Diameter matters alongside packing density, so reducing fiber size alone does not establish the final optical result.
- Internal structure: Retained microscale fibers and their cavities can create internal refractive-index differences that scatter light.
- Sheet formation and surface morphology: Casting and filtration can produce different surfaces and different measured haze and transmittance.
- Fiber-population blend: Adjusting the ratio of nanoscale to macroscopic cellulose fibers has been reported as a way to modulate haze while retaining high transparency.
Zhu et al. analyze the effects of fiber diameter and packing density using Chandrasekhar radiative-transfer theory and multiple-scattering simulations. Their work supports treating these factors as interacting controls, not a universal recipe for a particular haze target. Zhu et al.
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Yes. Total transmittance counts transmitted light overall; haze describes the diffuse scattering of transmitted light. A high-transmittance sheet can therefore still scatter a substantial portion of the light that passes through it.
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In Hsieh et al.’s 2017 study, 40 μm clear nanopaper samples had total transmittance of 89.3–91.5% and haze of 4.9–11.7%. Their 40 μm hazy samples had total transmittance of 88.6–92.1% but haze of 27.3–86.7%. These are experimental ranges for the study’s samples, not general specifications for nanopaper. Hsieh et al., Scientific Reports (2017)
| Sample group | Thickness | Total transmittance | Haze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clear nanopaper, Hsieh et al. (2017) | 40 μm | 89.3–91.5% | 4.9–11.7% |
| Hazy nanopaper, Hsieh et al. (2017) | 40 μm | 88.6–92.1% | 27.3–86.7% |
What makes cellulose nanopaper hazy?
Compressed cavities in retained microscale fibers
In the Hsieh study, weakly nanofibrillated pulp retained some microsized fibers. The authors describe the fibers’ hollow structures as flattened during sheet formation, leaving cavities inside the sheet. They attribute scattering to the refractive-index difference between air in those cavities and cellulose. As the authors put it: “This compressed cavity causes light scattering by the refractive index difference between air and cellulose.” This explanation applies to the samples they studied; it should not be assumed to account for haze in every nanopaper system. Hsieh et al., Scientific Reports (2017)
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Surface morphology and fabrication route
A 2017 comparison of casting and filtration reported 2.9% haze and 88% transmittance at 550 nm for cast sheets, versus 24.2% haze and 78% transmittance at 550 nm for filtration-prepared sheets. The study’s authors associated the difference with surface morphology and scattering. The values belong to that comparison and wavelength, not to casting or filtration as universal outcomes. RSC Advances study (2017)
| Preparation route | Haze | Transmittance | Measurement wavelength |
|---|---|---|---|
| Casting, authors’ 2017 comparison | 2.9% | 88% | 550 nm |
| Filtration, authors’ 2017 comparison | 24.2% | 78% | 550 nm |
Fiber populations and structural domains
A 2014 study reported that changing the ratio of nanoscale to macroscopic cellulose fibers could modulate haze while keeping transparency above 90%. The reported result shows composition can be a useful design variable, but it does not specify a universal blend ratio for a chosen haze. Energy & Environmental Science study (2014)
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The microscopic origin of scattering is not settled identically across all materials. A 2021 structural analysis of transparent wood and nanopaper discusses evidence linking scattering to larger submicrometric and structural domains rather than isolated voids or microfibrils. This concerns different systems and an analytical interpretation; it does not directly negate the cavity observations in Hsieh et al.’s 2017 samples. 2021 structural analysis
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Does fiber size affect nanopaper haze?
Fiber size is an important control, but it is not the only one. Zhu et al. describe fibers much smaller than visible wavelengths as reducing scattering compared with ordinary paper fibers, and analyze how diameter and packing density affect transmittance and scattering. In practice, the size distribution matters too: a sheet may contain nanoscale fibers alongside residual microscale fibers, whose structure can contribute to haze.
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For materials comparisons, report at least the sample thickness, measurement wavelength when available, total transmittance, and haze. Also describe the fiber population and preparation route when those are known. Without these conditions, a single transmittance figure is not enough to judge whether a sheet will appear optically clear.
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